World War I and Its Aftermath : 11/3/14 Flashcards
To protect itself, ________ signed alliances with _____ and with ______-______, who controlled southeastern Europe. This became known as the _____ _____.
Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary, Triple Alliance
A common interest in opposing Germany and Austria- Hungary led _____ and ______ to sign the ______-______ ______ in 1894.
Russia, France, Franco- Russian Alliance
The Franco- Russian Alliance fostered _______, which is a policy of aggressive military preparedness.
Militarism
The ______ would refuse to sign a formal alliance, so the relationship became known as an _____ _____, or _____ _______.
British, entente cordiale, friendly understanding
What three countries made up the Triple Entente?
Britain, France, and Russia
By the late 1800s, _______, or a feeling of intense pride in one’s homeland, had become a powerful idea in Europe.
Nationalism
Nationalists believe in the right of _____-_________, the idea that those who share a national identity should have their own country and government. This led to the _____ _____ in southeastern Europe.
Self- determination, Balkan Crisis
National groups such as the _____ ____ began to press for independence.
South Slavs
The South Slavs included what 4 races?
Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes
The ____, who were the first to gain independence, formed a nation called _____ between the two empires.
Serbs, Serbia
In June 1914 ______ ____ ______, heir to the _____ - ______ throne, visited the Bosnian capital of _______.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria- Hungarian, Sarajevo
Bosnian revolutionary, _______ ______, rushed their car and shot each of them once.
Gavrilo Princip
The assassination occurred with the knowledge of ______ officials who hoped to start a war that would damage ______- _______.
Serbian, Austria- Hungary
______ belonged to the ____ _____, which was a secret society devoted to Serbian unification.
Princip, Black Hand
On July 28, _____-_____ declared war on _____.
Austria- Hungary, Serbia
______ declared war on _____ and ______.
Germany, Russia, France
To attack France, Germany would have to advance through neutral ______, which the British government promised they would protect.
Belgium
Those fighting for the Triple Entente were called the ______.
Allies
In 1915, ____ joined the Triple Entente after being promised control of Austro- Hungarian territory after the war.
Italy
What remained of the Triple Alliance, Germany and Austria- Hungary, joined with the _____ _____ and _____ to form the _____ _____.
Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Central Powers
When the war began, President _____ immediately declared the US to be neutral.
Wilson
Secretary of State, ______ _______ _____, favored neutrality.
William Jennings Bryan
________ officials worked diligently to win American support.
British
What is the information designed to influence opinion?
Propaganda
The ______ would also cut the _______ ______ _____ from Europe to the US so most war news would be based on _____ reports.
British, transatlantic telegraph cable, British
The British forced _______ merchant ships sailing to _______ to land at British ports to be inspected for _______.
Neutral, Europe, contraband
What are goods whose importation, exportation, or possession is illegal?
Contraband
In Feb 1915, _______ announced that they would use __-_____ to sink without warning, any ship found in the waters around Britain.
Germany, U- boats
On May 7, 1915, a _-_____ sank the British passenger ship _______, killing over ____ people and ___ Americans.
U- Boat, Lusitania, 1000, 128
In March 1916, a __-_____ sunk the _____, a French passenger ship.
U- Boat, Sussex
______ would agree to the ______ _____, which promised, with certain conditions, to sink no more merchant ships without warning.
Germany, Sussex Plan
Wilson’s campaign slogan was, “__________.”
He kept us out of war.
In January 1917, German official _______ _______________ sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico promising Mexico a return of it’s lost territory.
Arthur Zimmermann
______ intelligence intercepted the Zimmermann telegram and ran it in the __________ _________.
British, American newspaper
April 2, 1917 ______ asked Congress to declare war.
Wilson
The ____ _______ ______ ( ? ) coordinated the production of war materials.
War Industries Board ( WIB )
The ____ told manufacturers what they could produce, allocated raw materials, ordered new factory construction, and sometimes set prices.
WIB
The _____ __________, run by ______ ______, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption.
Food Administration, Herbert Hoover
The _____ _______ encouraged families to conserve food and grow their own vegetables in ______ ______.
Food Administration, victory gardens
The ____ _________ managed the use of oil and coal.
Fuel Administration
To conserve energy, the ____ ________ introduced the first usage of _____ ______ _____, shortened workweeks for civilian goods factories, and encouraged ____ _______.
Fuel Administration, daylight savings time, Heatless Mondays
The US government would borrow money through the sale of ______ ___ _____ _____ to help offset the cost of the war.
Victory and liberty bonds
To prevent strikers from disrupting the war effort, the government established the _______ ___ _____ _____ ( ? ) in April 1918.
National War Labor Board ( NWLB )
The ______ often pressured industry to improve wages, adopt an 8 hour work day, and allow unions the right to organize and bargain collectively.
NWLB
With so many men in the military, employers were willing to hire ______ for jobs traditionally held by men.
Women
Women worked in f________, s_______ and r______ y_____, and served as p_____ o_____, m____ c______, and t_____ e_______.
Factories, shipyards, railroad yards, police officers, mail carriers, train engineers
_____ _____ sent agents to the South to recruit African Americans.
Henry Ford
The massive population movement became known as the ______ _______.
Great Migration
Wilson would create the _____ __ _____ ______ ( ? ) to “sell” the war to the American people.
Committee on Public Information ( CPI )
Headed by journalist _____ _____, the ____ recruited advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, and public speakers in a way to sway public opinion.
George Creel, CPI
The ______ ____ ___ _____ made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort.
Espionage Act of 1917
The ______ ___ __ ____ made it illegal to speak against the war publicly.
Sedition Act of 1918
In ______ __ _____ ______ ( 1919 ), “The question in every case is whether the words are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and present danger”
Schneck vs. United States
The ______ ____ ___ ___ _____ required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft.
Selective Service Act of 1917
A ______ randomly determined the order in which they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service.
Lottery
African American ____ and ____ _____ _____ fought in bitter battles along the Western Front.
92nd, 93rd Infantry Divisions
_____ ____ __ was the first war in which women officially served only in non- combat positions.
World War I
Early in 1917, the _____ authorized the enlistment of women to meet critical needs.
Navy
Women serving in the navy wore a ______ ____ and were assigned to the rank of _______.
Standard uniform, yeoman
Although most women performed c_____ d_____, others served as r_____ o______, e________, p_______, c______, and p________.
Clerical duties, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, chemists, photographers
More than ____ ______ served in the ____ ___ _____ during the war, including more than ____ overseas.
20 k nurses, Army Nurse Corps, 10 k
More people were killed by ______ ____ than by any other weapon in the war.
Artillery fire
To protect themselves from artillery, troops began digging _____.
Trenches
On the _____ ____, the troops dug a network of trenches that stretched from the _____ _____ to the _____ _____.
Western Front, English Channel, Swiss border
______ ____ and ______ ___ were used to guard against the enemy.
Barbed wire, machine guns
The ______ first used _____ ___ in 1915, and the _____ soon followed.
Germans, poison gas, Allies
______ ___ caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.
Poison gas
WWI also marked the first use of ______ in war.
Aircraft
At first, _____ were used to spy on enemy ships and troops. Then, the Allies equipped them with machine guns and rockets to attack the German ______ _____.
Planes, Zeppelin fleet
A combat _____ had a life expectancy of about __ weeks.
Pilot, 2
Airplanes shot down other airplanes in battles known as “ _______. “
Dogfights
Although the American “_______” were inexperienced, they were fresh and eager to fight.
Doughboys
American Admiral _____ __ ____ proposed that merchant ships and troop’s transports travel in groups called _____.
William S. Sims, convoys
In March 1917, riots broke out in _____.
Russia
Czar _____ __, abdicated his throne, which would spark the ______ _____.
Nicholas II, Russian Revolution
______ ____’s ______ ____ seized power and established a communist government in November 1917.
Vladimir Lenin, Bolshevik Party
Lenin agreed to the _____ __ ____-_____ with Germany on March 3, 1918. Under this treaty, _____ would give up ______, its ____ and _____ territories, and ______.
Treaty of Brest- Litovsk, Russia, Ukraine, Polish, Baltic, Finland
General _____ __ ______ would be the commander of the ______ _____ ____ thats arrived in Paris on July 4, 1917.
John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Force
America’s first major attack was on the village of _____.
Cantigny
On September 26, 1918, the most massive offense for the ______ ____ ____ was launched in the region between the _____ ____ and the ______ _____.
American Expeditionary Force, Meuse River, Argonne Forest
In late October, sailors in the ____ ( the main base of the German fleet ) mutinied.
Kiel
On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an _______ - an agreement to stop fighting,
Armistice
The treaty with Germany that resulted came to be called the ______ __ ______.
Treaty of Versailles
The _____ __ ____-_____, ended the war with Austria- Hungary.
Treaty of Saint- Germain
Who were the “Big Four”?
Wilson of the US, Prime Minister from Britain David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
President Wilson arrived in Paris in 1919 with a peace plan known as the _______ _____.
Fourteen Points
The first 5 points proposed to eliminate the causes of war through : f____ t_____, f______ of the s____, d_________, an i______ a____ of c_______ c_____, and o_____ d_______.
Free trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament, an impartial adjust of colonial claims, open diplomacy
The next 8 points addressed the right of national ____- ________ and the idea that the borders of countries should be based on _______ and ______ ______.
Self- determination, ethnicity, national identity
The 14th point called for the creation of a _____ __ ______.
League of Nations
The _____ __ ______ was signed by Germany on _____ __, ____.
Treaty of Versailles, July 28th, 1919
The Treaty of Versailles also specifically blamed “ ___ _______ of ______” for the war.
” The aggression of Germany “
A commission decided that Germany owed the Allies about $__ _____.
33 billion
Germany would also split in two in order to give ____ access to the _____ __.
Poland, Baltic Sea
The Treaty of Versailles ignored f_____ of the _____, f____ t____, and _____’s goal of fair settlement of c_____ c_____.
Freedom of the seas, free trade, Wilson, colonial claims
One group of Senators, nicknamed the “__________” assailed the League of Nations as the kind of “ ______ _____” that the Founders warned against.
Irreconcilables, entangling alliance
A larger group of Senators, known as the “ _________”, agreed to ratify the treaty if it was amended to say that any military action by the US required the approval of Congress.
Reservationists
Rapid inflation after WWI greatly increased the ____ __ ____- the cost of purchasing goods and services essential for survival.
Cost of living
Other unions in Seattle organized a _____ ____ - a strike that involves all workers in a community.
General strike
Postwar economic turmoil also contributed to widespread ______ ______.
Racial unrest
Many blamed _____ ______ for taking their jobs.
African Americans
______ and ______ combined to produce ______.
Frustration, racism, violence
The worst racial violence occurred in ______.
Chicago
The ____ ____ disillusioned some African Americans who felt their wartime contributions had been for nothing.
Race riots
The _____ experienced a surge in membership after the war, and in 1919 launched a new campaign for a federal law against ______.
NAACP, lynching
Since the late 1800s, many Americans accused immigrants of importing _______ and ______ ideas and had blamed them for _____ _____.
Socialist, communist, labor unrest
The strikes of 1919 fueled the fears that ______ or “____” might seize power. This led to a nationwide panic known as the ____ ______.
Communists, “Reds”, Red Scare
One of the bombs sent out during the Red Scare damaged the home of the US attorney general __ ______ ______.
A. Mitchell Palmer
Palmer established a special division within the Justice Department, the ______ _______ ______ or now the ______ _____ __ _________ ( ? ).
General Intelligence Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI )
Palmer’s divisions often ignored the _____ _____ of suspects.
Civil liberties
Officers entered homes and offices without _____ ______.
Search warrants
The ___ ____ greatly influenced people’s attitudes during the 20s.
Red Scare
January 1920, nearly ___ states passed _____ laws making it illegal to join groups advocating ________.
30, sedition, revolution
Many linked ______ with immigrants which led to calls to limit immigration.
Radicalism
_______ in 1920, ran on a platform of progressive ideas : Ohio Governor _____ __ ____
Democrats, James M. Cox
________ called for a return to “ normalcy “ arguing that the country needed to return to the days before Progressive Era reforms. : _____ __ _______
Republicans, Warren G. Harding
