Origins of the Cold War : 4/6/15 Flashcards
In _________, ___, in 1944, delegates from __ countries met to discuss the new organization, the ____ ____ (?).
Washington, DC, 39, United Nations (UN)
The __ would have a ______ ____, in which each member nation in the world would have one vote.
UN, General Assembly
The UN would also have a _______ ______ with __ members.
Security Council, 11
Five countries would be permanent members of the Security Council : ______, ______, _____, ____ _____, and the ______ ____. The five permanent members would have ____ power.
Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, and the United States. Veto
The ______ _______ was given the power to vote on resolutions and to choose the non-permanent members of the Security Council.
General Assembly
The ______ ______ is responsible for international peace and security.
Security Council
February 1945, ___, _______, and _____ met at _____– a ______ resort on the ______ ___– to plan the postwar world.
FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Yalta, Soviet, Black Sea
A key issue discussed at Yalta was _____.
Poland
FDR and Churchill agreed to recognize the _____ government set up by the _____.
Polish, Soviets
After reaching a compromise on Poland, the three leaders agreed to the ________ of _______ ______.
Declaration of Liberated Europe
The declaration echoed the _______ _____, asserting “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live.”
Atlantic Charter
The powers also agreed to divide _______ into four zones. _____ _____, the __, the _____ ____, and ______ would each control a zone.
Germany, Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, France
The same four countries would also divide _____ into four zones, even though it was in the _____ ____.
Berlin, Soviet Union
The _____ would remove i______ m_____, r______ c____, and other equipment from Germany as r______.
Allies, industrial machinery, railroad cars, reparations
_____ marked a turning point in Soviet-American relations.
Yalta
The ____ ___, an era of confrontation and competition between nations, lasted from about ____, to about ____.
Cold War, 1946, 1990
They wanted to keep ______ weak and make sure that the countries between _______ and the _____ _____ were under Soviet control.
Germany, Germany, Soviet Union
Soviet leaders believed that ______ was a superior economic system that would eventually replace ______.
Communism, capitalism
American leaders believed that the ____ _____ became so severe because nations reduced _____.
Great Depression, trade
By 1945, ___ and his advisers were convinced that economic growth through world ______ was the key to _____.
FDR, trade, peace
They passed a resolution that made ______ punishable internationally.
Genocide
The text of the C______ on the P______ and P_________ of the C____ of G_______ became the first UN h____ r____ treaty.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, human rights
______ _______, the first US delegate to the __, chaired the UN C______ on H_____ R_____ in 1948.
Eleanor Roosevelt, UN, Commission on Human Rights
U______ D______ of H______ R____, which promoted the inherent dignity of every human being and was a commitment to end _________.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, discrimination
_____ was strongly anti-communist.
Truman
The meeting between Soviet foreign minister _____ and _____ marked an important shift in Soviet-American relations.
Molotov, Truman
In July 1945, ______ and _____ met at ______ (Conference), near _____.
Truman, Stalin, Potsdam, Berlin
______ suggested the Soviets take _______ from their zones, while the Allies allowed _______ to revive in the other zones.
Truman, reparations, industry
At ______, _____ also learned of the successful US ____ _____ tests.
Potsdam, Truman, atomic bomb
The ______ _______ marked another increase in tensions.
Potsdam Conference
The ______ _____ ensured that pro-Soviet ______ governments would eventually be established in P_____, R______, B____, H____, and C_________.
Soviet Army, Communist, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
The C_______ C______ of E_____ E____ came to be called _______ ______.
Communist Countries of Eastern Europe, satellite nations
______ referred to an “____ ______” falling across ______ ______.
Churchill, iron curtain, Eastern Europe
For the next __ years, “___ ______” described the Communist nations of E______ E____ and the S____ U_____.
43, iron curtain, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union
The ___ ______ separated Eastern Europe from Western Europe.
Iron Curtain
On Feb 22, 1946, diplomat _______ _______ responded to the Soviets with what became known as the _____ ________.
George Kennan, Long Telegram
The ____ _____ was a message, thousands of words long, explaining Kennan’s views on the Soviets.
Long Telegram
_____ proposed what became known as basic American policy throughout the Cold War, _______.
Kennan, containment
On August 1946, ______ demanded join control of the D______ with _____.
Stalin, Dardanelles, Turkey
Presidential advisor ____ ______ saw this move as part of a Soviet plan to control the _____ ____.
Dean Acheson, Middle East
The ______ _____’s purpose was to help countries resist being taken over by Communist forces. It also pledged the __ to fight the spread of communism worldwide.
Truman Doctrine, US
Secretary of State, G______ __. M_____ proposed the E_______ R______ P_____, or M______ P___.
George C. Marshall, European Recovery Program, Marshall Plan
The ______ ___ would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies.
Marshall Plan
Truman saw both the ______ ___ and the ______ ______ essential for _________.
Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, containment
They created the F____ R_____ of G______ which became known as ___ _______.
Federal Republic of Germany, West Germany
The Soviet Zone became the G_____ D______ R_____, or ____ _______.
German Democratic Republic, East Germany
In June 1948, Soviet troops blockaded ____ ______ to force the US to reconsider its decision or abandon West Berlin.
West Berlin
The _____ _____ began in June 1948 and continued through the spring of 1949, bringing in more than two million tons of supplies to the city.
Berlin Airlift
The _____ ______ symbolized America’s determination to contain _______ and not give in to Soviet demands.
Berlin Airlift, communism
In April 1949, the _____ _____ _____ ________ (?) was founded as a mutual defense alliance.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
_____ initially included __ countries: __, C_____, B_____, F_____, I___, B_____, D_____, P_____, N______, L_________, I_____.
NATO, 12, US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Iceland
____ allowed ____ ______ to rearm and join its organization.
NATO, West Germany
The Soviet’s responded by creating a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the ______ ____.
Warsaw Pact
In ____, Communist forces led by ___ ______ had been struggling against the _______ government.
China, Mao Zedong, Nationalist
By 1949 ______ had captured the _____ capital of _______.
Communists, Chinese, Beijing
The defeated nationalists had fled to the small island of _______ (now called _____).
Formosa, Taiwan
Communists established the ______‘_ _____ of ____ in October in 1949.
People’s Republic of China
The __ ______ ______ used its veto powers to keep representatives of the newly formed _______ _____ out of the UN.
UN Security Council, Communist China
In September 1949, the _____ _____ announced that it had successfully tested its first _____ _____.
Soviet Union, atomic weapon
The ____ divided _____ at the __th parallel of latitude.
Allies, Korea, 38
On June 25, 1950, _____ Korean troops invaded the south, driving back the poorly equipped _____ Korean forces.
North, South
_____ saw the Communist invasion as a test to the ________ policy.
Truman, containment
With the pledge of the UN troops, he ordered General ________ to send American troops from _____ to _____.
MacArthur, Japan, Korea
The American and South Korean troops were driven back into a small pocket of territory near the port of _____
Pusan
On September 15, 1950, _______ ordered a daring invasion behind the enemy lines at the port of ______.
MacArthur, Inchon
______ pushed the _____ Koreans north to the ____ _____, the border of _____.
MacArthur, North, Yalu River, China
______ publically criticized the president and argued that it was a mistake to keep the war ______.
MacArthur, limited
______ ___ is a war fought with limited commitment of resources to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism.
Limited war
Truman would fire MacArthur for ___________ in April 1951.
Insubordination
In July 1951, peace negotiations began at ________.
Panmunjom
In 1952 _______ __ __________ was elected president.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
To get the _______ out of the war, ______ hinted that the US might nuke ____.
Chinese, Eisenhower, Korea
To this day the _______ ___ (?) separating North and South Korea is the __th parallel.
Demilitarized zone (DMZ), 38
The ______ ___ marked a turning point in the ____ ___.
Korean War, Cold War
In 1954, the US signed defense agreements with ____, _____ ____, and ______.
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
The US also formed the _______ ____ ____ ________ (?).
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
The ___ ______ began in September 1945.
Red Scare
Soon the search for _____ would take place and this escalated into a general fear of ________ _______.
Spies, Communist subversion
_________ is a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using person working secretly from within.
Subversion
FBI Director __ ______ ______ remained unsatisfied.
J. Edgar Hoover
In 1947, he went before the ______ __-______ ______ ________ (?).
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
_____’s first hearings in 1947 focused on the ____ industry.
HUAC, film
______ ______ was the head of the ______ ______ guild at the time and testified that there were Communists in _________.
Ronald Reagan, Screen Actors, Hollywood
In 1948, _______ _______, told HUAC that several government officials were former Communists or spies.
Whittaker Chambers
Chambers named _____ ____ as a Communist spy.
Alger Hiss
____ would sue _______ for ____, but Chambers testified that Hiss had given him secret _____ _________ documents.
Hiss, Chambers, libel, State Department
_________ representative _____ _____ convinced his colleagues to continue the hearings to determine who lied.
California, Richard NIxon
In 1950 the hunt for spies led the FBI to arrest ____ and _____ ________.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The government charged them with spying for the _____.
Soviets
The Rosenbergs denied the charges but were condemned to death for ________.
Espionage
In 1946 American and British cryptographers, working for a project code-named “______” cracked the _____ _____’s spy code.
Venona, Soviet Union
The ______ documents provided strong evidence that the ________ were indeed guilty.
Venona, Rosenbergs
The ________ of _______ required its faculty to take ________ ____ and fired ___ that refused.
University of California, loyalty oaths, 157
The ___-_____ __ of ____ required union leaders to take oaths saying that they were not Communists.
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
In 1949 the ___ _____ intensified as the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb and _____ fell to Communism.
Red Scare, China
_______ proclaimed that ________ were a danger at home and abroad.
McCarthy, Communists
McCarthy distributed a booklet accusing __________ _____ leaders of corruption and protecting communists.
Democratic Party
McCarthy often targeted Secretary of State _____ _____ and _____ __ _____ of disloyalty.
Dean Acheson, George C. Marshal
In 1950, Congress passed the ______ ______ ____, also called the _______ ___. –The act made it illegal to attempt to establish a totalitarian government in the US, and required all Communist-related organizations to publish their records and register with the US attorney general.
Internal Security Act, McCarran Act
In 1953 ________ became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on _________.
McCarthy, investigations
McCarthy’s tactic of damaging reputations with vague, unfounded charges became known as ________.
McCarthyism
Later in 1953, the Senate passed a vote of ______- to express a formal disapproval of an action.
Censure
_______ decided not to run for reelection in 1952, instead _______ __ _________ would run on the _________ ticket.
Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Republican
Eisenhower would face off against _______ governor ______ __________, a _______.
Illinois, Adlai Stevenson, Democrat
_________ was convinced that the key to ______ was not simply _______ might but a strong ________.
Eisenhower, victory, military, economy
Nuclear weapons, Eisenhower said, gave “_____ _____ ___ ___ ____”.
More bang for the buck
_________ _________ was a policy of threatening a massive response, including nuclear weapons, against a Communist state trying to seize a peaceful state by force.
Massive retaliation
Critics called Eisenhower’s practice ____________– the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the limit to force an opponent to back down.
Brinkmanship
To build support among Arabs, Sec of State ______ offered to help ______ finance the construction of a dam on the ____ _____.
Dulles, Egypt, Nile River
In October 1956, _____ and ______ troops invaded _____.
British, French, Egypt
The ______ threatened ______ attacks on Britain and France and offered troops to Egypt.
Soviets, rocket
To stop the spread of communism, Eisenhower would turn to _____ ________ operated by the _______ __________ ______ (?).
Covert operations, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Many of the ____’s operations took place in ________ ______– nations whose economy is primarily agricultural.
CIA, developing nations
In 1953, Iranian prime minister ________ _______ had nationalized the _____-______ ___ _______.
Mohammed Mossadegh, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
The CIA sent agents to organize street riots and arrange a _____ that ousted ________ and returned the ____ to power.
Coup, Mossadegh, shah
_______ died in 1953, and a power struggle began in the Soviet Union.
Stalin
By 1956, _____ _________ had emerged as the Soviet leader.
Nikita Khrushchev
President _____ _____ _____ of Egypt had emerged from the Suez crisis as a hero to the Arab people.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
___-_______ is the idea that all Arab people should be united into one nation.
Pan-Arabism
Eisenhower would ask Congress to authorize the use of _______ _____ whenever the president thought it necessary to assist _______ _____ nations resisting Communist aggression. The policy came to be called the ____________ _______.
Military force, Middle East, Eisenhower Doctrine
The ___________ ______ essentially extended the ________ _______ and the policy of ___________ to the Middle East.
Eisenhower Doctrine, Truman Doctrine, containment
In 1957, the Soviet’s would launch ______ __ and _______ __– were the world’s first space satellites.
Sputnik I and Sputnik II
Eisenhower invited ________ to visit the US in late 1959, which led to the two agreeing to a _______ in _____.
Khrushchev, summit, Paris
Shortly before the _______ was to begin in 1960, the Soviet Union shot down an American __-__ ___ ____.
Summit, U-2 spy plane
In 1961, Eisenhower delivered his ________ ________, where he warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of this ______-______ ______– an informal relationship that some people believe exists between the military and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and influence government policy.
Farewell address, military-industrial complex
_____ _____ established a Communist regime in ____.
Fidel Castro, Cuba
