The Progressive Movement: All Notes From 10/20/14 Flashcards
________ was partly a reaction against Laissez- Faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market.
Progressivism
Who believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems?
Progressives
Most progressives were ______, _____, _____-_____, Americans. (Journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, and members of the clergy.)
Urban, educated, middle-class
What was one reason Progressives thought that they could improve society?
Their strong faith in science and technology.
Theodore Roosevelt nicknamed crusading journalists what?
Muckrakers
Who were journalists that uncovered abuses and corruption in a society?
Muckrakers
__ _____ and _____ ______ _____ concentrated on exposing the unfair practices of large corporations. ( 2 people )
Ida Tarbell and Charles Edward Russell
Who reported on vote stealing and other corrupt political practices of political machines?
Lincoln Steffens
Who published photographs and descriptions of the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in NYC? In what book?
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives
Who attacked the way political parties ran their conventions?
Robert M. La Follette
La Follette pressured the state legislature of Wisconsin to pass a law requiring parties to hold a _______ ______.
Direct primary
A vote held by all members of a political party to decide their candidate for public office is called a what?
Direct primary
The ______ is the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval.
Initiative
The __________ is the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature.
Referendum
The _____ is the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.
Recall
In 1913, the ___ Amendment was ratified and added to the constitution.
17th
The 17th Amendment allows for the ______ ______ of senators.
Direct election
Who convinced the delegates at Seneca Falls that winning suffrage for women should be a priority?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Who were threatened and called unfeminine and immoral? ( Many of the movement’s supporters were abolitionists as well. )
Suffragists
The ___ Amendment granted citizenship to African Americans.
14th
The ___ Amendment granted voting rights to African American men.
15th
The debate over the 14th and 15th Amendments would split the Women’s Suffrage Movement into what 2 separate groups?
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
The _____ wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage.
NWSA
The _____ believed that the best strategy was convincing state governments to grant women the right to vote first.
AWSA
In 1890 the 2 groups NWSA and AWSA united to form the what?
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Many states began passing ________ _________ laws requiring young children to be in school instead of work.
Compulsory education
What set minimum standards for light, air, room size, and sanitation and required buildings to have fire escapes?
Building codes
What required restaurants and other facilities to maintain clean environments for their patrons?
Health codes
Many Progressives blamed _________ for many of society’s problems.
Alcohol
Who knew that wages were often spent on alcohol and that drunkenness often led to physical abuse and illness?
Settlement- house workers
In 1874, a group of women formed the ________ _______ _______ _______ aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages is called what?
Prohibition
Who was born into a wealthy New York family in 1885?
Theodore Roosevelt
As a teenager, Roosevelt, mastered what 2 things?
Marksmanship and horseback riding
When Roosevelt spared a bear cub on a hunting expedition, a toymaker marketed a popular new product, the ______ ______. Which made his nickname ______.
Teddy bear, Teddy
Roosevelt attended what college?
Harvard
Roosevelt became president at the age of __? ( The youngest ever in office until JFK. )
42
Roosevelt believed in ______ _______, which held that nations were in competition and only the strongest would survive.
Social Darwinism
Who believed that government should balance the needs of competing groups in American society on behalf of public interest?
Roosevelt
Roosevelt’s reform programs became known as the what?
Square Deal
Roosevelt’s first target was J.P. Morgan’s railroad holding company, _____ ______.
Northern Securities
Northern Securities had a _______ over railroad traffic in the Northwest.
Monopoly
In 1902, Roosevelt ordered the attorney general to sue Northern Securities under the what?
Sherman Antitrust Act
The suit charged Northern Securities with what?
Restraint of trade
In 1904, in _______ ______ vs. ______ ______ the Supreme Court ruled that Morgan’s firm had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Northern Securities vs. United States
The public would hail Roosevelt as a “ ____ ____.”
Trust buster
Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider is called what?
Arbitration
Roosevelt believed the most effective way to prevent big business from abusing its power was by keeping the _____ ______.
Public informed
In 1903, Roosevelt convinced Congress to create the what?
Department of Commerce and Labor
The what would privately tell Congress its problems and fix them once it opened its files for examination? ( This is known as the what? )
Department of Commerce and Labor, Gentlemen’s Agreement
What act was intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it the power to set railroad rates ?
Hepburn Act
By 1905, what had become a national issue?
Consumer protection
In 1906, who published the novel, The Jungle, based on his observations of slaughterhouses in Chicago?
Upton Sinclair
The government responds by passing what 2 acts in 1906? ( Hint: Checking food properly. )
Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act
The what works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions?
Meat Inspection Act
The what’s main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the US Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors?
Pure Food and Drug Act
Of all his Progressive actions, Roosevelt was best remembered for his efforts in the area of what?
Environmental conservation
In 1902, Roosevelt supported the passage of what act?
The Newlands Reclamation Act
What act authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects in the west?
The Newlands Reclamation Act
Roosevelt would appoint his close friend, ______ ______, to head of the US Forest Services in 1905.
Gifford Pinchot
Roosevelt and Pinchot both believed that trained experts in what should manage the nation’s forests?
Forestry and resource management
Roosevelt added more than ________ acres to the protected national forests and established __ new national parks and __ federal wildlife reservations.
100 million, 5, 51
What act made antitrust cases jump to the front of the court’s docket?
The Expedition Act
The US helped develop a national parks system that preceded the establishment of the what in 1906?
National Park Service
Roosevelt believed _____, his secretary of war, was the ideal person to continue his policies.
Taft
Taft easily secured the __________ nomination and won the election in 1908 and defeated who for the third time?
Republican, William Jennings Bryan
Roosevelt had warned Taft to stay away from ____ _____ because it would divide the Republican Party.
Tariff reform
Taft signed into law the what which hardly cut tariffs at all and actually raised them on some goods?
Payne- Aldrich Tariff
In 1909, Taft further angered Progressives by replacing Roosevelt’s secretary of the interior, _____ _____, with ____ _______.
James Garfield, Richard A. Ballinger
Who was an aggressive conservationist?
Garfield
Who was a conservative corporate lawyer?
Ballinger
Taft would fire ______ for insubordination.
Pinchot
What is disobedience to authority?
Insubordination
By the second half of Taft’s term of office, many Americans had come to believe that he had betrayed the what?
Square Deal
Taft had actually brought twice as many _____ ____ in __ years as his predecessor had in __.
Antitrust cases, 4, 7
In 1912, Taft established the what? It investigated and publicized the problems of child labor.
Children’s Bureau
In 1910, Taft set up the what to monitor the activities of mining companies, expand national forests, and protect, waterpower sites from private development?
Bureau of Mines
Who left the country for a long voyage to Africa and Europe and would not return until 1910?
Roosevelt
In late February 1912, who announced he would enter the presidential campaign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as the Republican nominee for president?
Roosevelt
Conservatives would rally behind Taft at the _______ ______ ________ held in Chicago in 1912.
Republican National Convention
Declaring himself “ ____________”, Roosevelt became the candidate for the Progressive Party, which is known as the ____________.
Fit as a bull moose, Bull Moose Party
______ started out as a university teacher before becoming the president of Princeton University.
Wilson
Wilson would become the governor of _______, where he pushed through many progressive reforms.
New Jersey
What accepted large trusts as a fact of life and set out to create proposals to increase regulation and had laws to protect women and children in the labor force and workers compensation?
Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
___________ criticized New Nationalism for supporting “regulated monopoly.”
Wilson’s New Freedom
______ argued Roosevelt’s approach gave the federal government too much power in the economy and did nothing to restore competition.
Wilson
_______ outweighed ________.
Freedom, efficiency
In 1913, Congress passed the ___________.
Underwood Tariff
The ____________ reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 % of the value of the goods and provided for levying the first federal graduate income tax.
Underwood Tariff
__________ refers to the percentage of a person’s income tax that is passed.
Graduated
The _____ amendment, passed in 1913, gave the federal government the power to levy such tax on income of Americans.
16th
Wilson also supported a _____ ______ ______.
Federal reserve system
The ______ _____ ___ __ _____ created the regional reserve banks, supervised by a Board of Governors appointed by the president.
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
In 1914, Congress created the _____ ____ ______ to monitor American business.
Federal Trade Commission
The _____ ______ ______ had the power to investigate companies and issue “ _____ ___ _____ “ orders against those found to be engaging in unfair trade practices.
Federal Trade Commission, cease and desist
Progressives in Congress were unsatisfied with Wilson and passed the ______ ______ ___ in 1914.
Clayton Antitrust Act
The _____ _____ ___ outlawed practices that restricted competition such as price discrimination or charging different customers different prices.
Clayton Antitrust Act
_____ _____, head of the AFL, called the Clayton Antitrust Act the workers’ “Magna Carta” because it gave unions the right to exist.
Samuel Gompers
The _______-_____ ____ ______ ____ prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce.
Keating- Owen Child Labor Act
In 1905, ____ __ ____ and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for African Americans.
W. E. B. Du Bois
The 28 African Americans would be referred to as the ________ _____ to describe the likelihood of one in ten black men becoming leaders of their race in the world.
Talented Tenth
At ____ ____ the Talented Tenth launched what became known as the ______ ______.
Niagara Falls, Niagara Movement
In 1909, the _______ _______ ___ ___ ________ __ _____ _____. ( ? )
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP )
Who’s mission is to “ ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.” ?
NAACP
