World Englishes - Features and Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the assumption of natives where English has been introduced as another language?

A

They are inferior and are referred to as “savages”:
language = primitive
culture = barbaric

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2
Q

How is English seen in the areas where it has been introduced as another language?

A

The saviour and is essential for positive development

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3
Q

What is considered of colonialised people?

A

They have “poor” English

“good” English is only spoken by people from UK/USA/L2 countries

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4
Q

Why is English still used?

A

Already established as a lingua franca
Strength of USA in politics, economics, entertainment
English use in education

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5
Q

What is a lingua franca?

A

A language which is adopted between speakers who’s native language is different

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6
Q

How can Englishes differ?

A

Between all areas of language

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7
Q

How may English differ in pronunciation?

A

Consonants |θ| (think) and |ð| (them) pronounced differently

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8
Q

Examples of different pronunciations of |θ| and |ð| :

A
Indian speakers - |t| and |d|
Chinese speakers (Hong Kong) - |f| and |d|
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9
Q

What happens to the differences in pronunciations?

A

They become the norm in the different varieties of English

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10
Q

What are differences in examples of grammar?

A

No plural markers
No distinction between he and she pronouns
Different syntax
Minimum 3rd person marking (verbs)
Limited past tense
Use of aspect rather than tense
Progressing constructions formed with statives

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11
Q

What are the differences in vocabulary?

A

Locally coined words by addition of affix
Compounding
Borrowings from indigenous languages

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12
Q

What happens to idioms?

A

They begin as errors

e.g. to eat your cake and have it

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13
Q

What are differences in discourse style?

A

They get influence from indigenous cultures

e.g. “so how” as a greeting in Sri Lanka

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14
Q

How do you determine a language as a new variety of Englishes?

A

It’s spoken as a Native language
Communication target is not native speakers of “older varieties” (British and American)
Used for interactional uses in law, education and government
Developed own characteristics

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15
Q

What are issues of using English as a lingua franca?

A

“home grown” Englishes are not always understandable

e.g. instances when you’re unable to understand another person from the UK

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