Kachru's Circles Flashcards

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1
Q

When was this model carried out?

A

1992

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2
Q

What are the three circles that Kachru uses?

A

Inner Circle
Outer Circle
Expanding Circle

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3
Q

What countries are included in the Inner Circle?

A
UK
USA
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
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4
Q

What do the countries within the Inner Circle have in common?

A

They all speak English as a 1st language by the majority of the population
They are all native speakers

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5
Q

How did English spread to these countries in the Inner Circles?

A

Migration of English speakers to North America and Australia

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6
Q

Why does the language used in the countries other than the UK differ?

A

Because they had contact with different indigenous (native) languages which enriched each one’s vocabulary
e.g.
America developed rhotic accent and voiced ‘s’
Australia had elements of aboriginal languages

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7
Q

What are the differences known as in the Englishes used in the Inner Circle?

A

Lexical differences

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8
Q

What countries are included in the Outer Circle?

A
India
Nigeria
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Philippines
Ghana.... etc
South Africa
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9
Q

What do the countries in the Outer circle have in common?

A

English is a major, official auxiliary language

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10
Q

What is a contradiction of some of the countries in the Outer Circle?

A

A lot of the people within some of these countries are in fact native speakers of English
e.g. South Africa you could say is a combination of both Inner and Outer Circle

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11
Q

How did English come to the countries within the Outer Circle?

A

They were colonised by the UK but not in as larger numbers as they had done with the countries within the Inner Circle
The indigenous population remained the majority

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12
Q

What countries are included in the Expanding Circle?

A
China
USSR
Japan
Egypt
Indonesia
Korea
Europe
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13
Q

What do the countries in the Expanding Circle have in common?

A

English is spoken but not as an official dialect. It’s mainly used for international purposes

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14
Q

How did English come to the countries within the Expanding Circle?

A

They learnt English for its beneficial purposes in business and career

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15
Q

Does the English used differ between each circle?

A

Yes. As there have been different influences from different contries

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16
Q

What does Kachru call the Englishes used in the Inner Circle?

A

Norm-providing

They provide the “norm” rules which the other Englishes use as a basis

17
Q

What does Kachru call the Englishes used in the Outer Circle?

A

Norm-expanding

They build on the “norm” rules and expand them so they take on a local character

18
Q

What are the two categories of English that Kachru believes there are?

A

Standard Varieties

Non-standard Varieties

19
Q

What are the standard-varieties of English?

A

They are more educated and are mutually intelligible

20
Q

What are the non-standard varieties of English?

A

Pidgins, Creoles, Regional Dialects

21
Q

What influences do the non-standard varieties have?

A

Local influence
They diverge away from each other and there are noticable differences
They are not mutually intelligible

22
Q

Who is another theorist with an idea and diagram similar to Kachru?

A

McArthur 1987

23
Q

What was McArthur’s diagram called?

A

Circle of World Englishes

24
Q

What is the general idea of the Circle of World Englishes?

A

Moves outward from the middle; “World Standard English” into eight different sections, the first sections showing the “Standard variations” and latched on the outside of these are “non-standard”, derivative forms

25
Q

How does McArthur describe the variations of English on the outer layer?

A

A righteous and chaotic fringe

26
Q

What did McArthur believe about World Englishes?

A

That all standard varieties of English will contribute to the World Standard English which everyone shall use