World Englishes Flashcards

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1
Q

ideas for why the English lang. is global

A
  • nothing to do w/ structure, but power of people who speak it
  • had political power (British Empire)
  • 16/ 17th c. English had scientific and technological power – 2/3 of things that were invented were done through the medium of English
  • 19th c. English had economic power money ‘spoke’ in English (because of power of America and England)
  • 20th c. English had cultural power (a lot of inventions were done in English)
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2
Q

what does Lingua Franca mean

A
  • a common form of communication between two people from different countries
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3
Q

what does the term L1 mean

A
  • it’s someone’s first language (was learned during infancy w/o conscious effort
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4
Q

what does the term L2 mean

A
  • someone’s second language (usually learned through SLA during adolescence w/ a conscious effort)
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5
Q

what does the term L3 mean

A
  • it’s someone’s third/ second foreign lang. learned through a process similar to SLA
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6
Q

what does the term ‘Globish’ mean

A
  • a simplified version of Anglo-American English used as a world wide Lingua Franca
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7
Q

what do the terms ENL, EFL and EIL mean

A
  • ENL (English as a native language)
  • EFL (English as a foreign language)
  • EIL (English as an International language)
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8
Q

PROS and CONS of Peter Strevens’ map and branch model (1980)

A

PROS:
- see how all varieties are linked (see connections)
- see England’s global power
CONS:
- generalises the English used in Africa to west and east and south African variations
- assumes English wasn’t influenced by any other lang.
- suggests a hierarchy where English and American varieties are seen as pure

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9
Q

Explain Kachru’s Concentric Circles (1982/1922)

A
  • model attempts to capture different users of English
  • the Inner circle contains British, American and Canadian speakers – are seen as the norm providing (sets the normal w/ white varieties)
  • Outer Circle is norm developing, established via. trade relationships and they’ll have their own versions of English e.g. India using the progressive form a lot
  • Expanding circle there’s no cultural development on English, so it’s norm dependent – uses more textbook English as a lingua franca e.g. China and Russia – they’re traditionally seen as speakers of English as a foreign lang.
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10
Q

PROS and CONS of Kachru’s Concentric Circles (1982/1922)

A

PROS:
- explains how people learn English – clear relationship between L1(U.K), L2 (India) and L3 (China) speakers
CONS:
- no clear relationship w/ newer English trends
- assumption that inner circle is pure and the norm

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11
Q

What is meant by the term ‘crossing’

A
  • when a white speaker adopts non-white language (there’s no such term for when the opposite occurs, as this is expected)
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12
Q

Describe David Rubin (1992) experiment

- How whiteness affects the perception of accents

A
  • 62 L1 students listened to recorded lecture and were shown a picture of the speaker
  • Half were shown a white American women, the others an Asian woman.
  • people shown picture of an Asian speaker said speaker had an Asian accent
  • but recording was the same for both group
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13
Q

explain the problem w/ the concept of a ‘standard variety’

A
  • automatically makes one variety unmarked and normal and other varieties marked and abnormal e.g. those w/ accent and dialect closest to standard not seen as having either
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14
Q

power of white varieties of English

A
  • they’re seen as normal, so they control access to education and positions of power
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15
Q

PROS and CONS of McArthur’s circle of World English (1987)

A

PROS:
- isn’t generalised – has more specific varieties
- no hierarchy of power
- allows people to see the lang. change coming from below (how the people who use that lang. influence the ‘standard’ –see where all the varieties stem from
CONS:
- vague – what is the ‘world standard English?’ ‘what are the rules?’ ‘what are the identifiers?’

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16
Q

What is Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

A
  • classification looks at the evolution of postcolonial Englishes
  • also looks at the socio-political background, sociolinguistic conditions and linguistic effects of the phases new varieties of English go through to reach varietal status
  • stages are Foundation, Exonormative Stabilisation, Nativisation, Endonormative Stabilisation and Differentiation
17
Q

Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

- PHASE 1

A

Foundation:

- initial stage where English is brought to a territory by ‘a significant group of settlers

18
Q

Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

- PHASE 2

A

Exonormative Stabilisation:

-point where English is regularly used by settlers as the lang. of institution and government e.g. latin used in courts

19
Q

Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

- PHASE 3

A

Nativisation:

- involves linguistic and cultural transformation (intertwining of new and old)

20
Q

Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

- PHASE 4

A

Endonormative Stabilisation:

- the change from ‘English in X’ with X as the country, becomes ‘X English’ e.g. Indian English

21
Q

Schneider’s Development Paradigm (2007)

- PHASE 5

A

Differentiation:

  • when regional/ social dialects form (variety is completely independent)
  • e.g. printing press
22
Q

Examples of English varieties explained e.g. Singlish, Indian English and Uglish

A
  • Singlish (creole lang. spoken in Singapore – established from Britian’s colonial rule and before declaring independence it’s standard form was British English)
  • Indian English (developed after introduction of English in 1830s during rule of East India Company and it replaced Persian as the official lang. in 1835)
  • Uglish (Ugandan English – speech patterns strongly influence spoken English)
23
Q

lexical and grammatical features of Australian English

A
  • ‘color’ instead of ‘colour’
  • ‘realize’ instead of ‘realise’
  • ‘program’ instead of ‘programme’
24
Q

give some example of influences on Australian English

A
  • trade links
  • increasing use of social media
  • increasing use of media e.g. film
25
Q

what is standard Nigerian English

A
  • nigerian StEnglish is offical lang. and serves a prestigious function as lang. of government, education, media etc.
  • is based on british english w/ some additions and coinages
26
Q

attitudes towards NPE

[Nigerian Pidgin English]

A
  • ## regarded as bastardisation of English lang. used by non-literates
27
Q

importance of NPE

A
  • both literates and non-literates understand pidgin
  • mainly used in informal situations – seen as easiest form of interaction amongst the population
  • ## most widely spoken lang. (not a native lang. of any tribe) — a lingua franca
28
Q

importance of NPE outside of Nigeria

A
  • used by diasporic communities

- these communities use pidgin among themselves to feel at home