Language level 5: Pragmatics Flashcards
1
Q
what is embodied knowledge
A
- knowledge that’s associated w/ memories of physically experiencing something e.g. sights and smells of visiting a city
2
Q
What is a schema
A
- a bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event
3
Q
What is a co-text
A
- other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text
4
Q
what is the co-operative principle
A
- the general principle that people work together to communicate
5
Q
What are conversational maxims
A
- explicit principle that provide a backdrop for conversation to take place so that speakers can easily understand one another
6
Q
What is implicature
A
- an implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken
7
Q
List Paul Grice’s (1975) conversational maxims
A
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of quality
- maxim of relevance
- maxim of manner
8
Q
explain the maxim of quantity
[Paul Grice 1975]
A
- to not say too little or too much
9
Q
explain the maxim of quality
[Paul Grice 1975]
A
- to speak the truth
10
Q
explain the maxim of relevance
[Paul Grice 1975]
A
- to keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic in hand
11
Q
explain the maxim of manner
[Paul Grice 1975]
A
- to be clear and avoid ambiguity
12
Q
what is a ‘super-maxim’
A
- being polite by being mindful of others’ personal or face needs
13
Q
who developed the theory of ‘face needs’
A
- Erving Goffman (1955)
14
Q
what is meant by the term ‘positive face need’
A
- a universal human need to feel valued and appreciated
15
Q
what is meant by the term ‘negative face need’
A
- a universal human need to feel independent and not be imposed upon
16
Q
what is meant by the term ‘face threatening act’
A
- a speech act that has the potential to damage someone’s self-esteem either in terms of positive or negative face
17
Q
what is meant by the term ‘politeness strategies’
A
- distinctive ways in which speakers can choose to avoid threatening face
18
Q
what is a deixis
A
- words that are context bound and meanings depend on who is using them and where and when they’re being used e.g. this/ that, here/ there
19
Q
what are the deictic categories
A
- they’re types of deictic expressions
- personal, spacial and temporal
20
Q
what is proximal deixis
A
- deictic expressions that refer to concept, events or people near/ close to the speaker e.g. here, now, come
21
Q
what is distal deixis
A
- deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people at a distance from the speaker e.g. there, then, go
