Language level 1: Lexis and semantics Flashcards
What is a word class
- a group of words that fulfil the same kind of role and function in speech and writing
What is an open (or lexical) word class
- a word class that is generally open to a new membership
What is a closed (or grammatical) word class
- word class that doesn’t readily admit new members; isn’t generally open to new membership
What is a ‘determiner’
- word that adds detail or clarity to a noun
What are the different types of noun
- proper
- abstract
- concrete
3 noun types description
Proper: refers to names of people and places
Abstract: refers to states, feelings and concepts that don’t have a physical existence
Concrete: refers to objects that have a physical existence
What are the 4 types of verbs
- material
- relational
- mental
- verbal
4 types of verbs description
Material: show actions or events
Relational: identify properties or show states of being
Mental: show internal processes e.g. thinking
Verbal: show external processes of communicating via speech e.g. say, shout
What are the 3 adjective/ adverb types
- base
- comparative
- superlative
3 adjectives/ adverbs description
Base: basic form of adjective/ adverb, modifying another word
Comparative: used to compare two instances adding ‘-er’ or using ‘more’
Superlative: used to compare more than two instances, identifying a best example
What are the 3 types of pronouns
- personal
- demonstrative
- indefinite
3 pronoun types description
Personal: refers to people and are differentiated in terms of person e.g 1st, 2nd, 3rd, number (singular or plural) and gender
Demonstrative: orientate reader/ listener towards a person, object, or idea (either nearby or further away)
Indefinite: refers to a non-specific person, object or idea
What are the 3 types of determiners
- articles
- possessives
- quantifiers
3 determiners types description
Articles: show that something is definite or indefinite
Possessives: show ownership
Quantifiers: show either specific or non-specific quantities of a noun
What are the 2 types of conjunctions
Co-ordinating and Sub-ordinating
2 types of conjunctions description
Co-ordinating: link words or larger structures (phrases and clauses) together where they’re equal
Sub-ordinating: link clauses together to show one is dependent on the other
What is a semantic field
- a group of words that fulfil the same kind of role and function in speech and writing
What are collocates
- words that typically appear together
What is a fixed expression
- well-used group of words that becomes accepted and used as one long structure
What is an euphemism
- a more socially accepted word or phrase
What is a dysphemism
- using a blunt or direct word instead of a more polite or indirect alternative, close to taboo
What is a hyponymy
- the way of viewing the relationship between more general and specific words
5 different types of adverbs explained
Manner: tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out e.g. beautifully, carefully
Degree: describe how much, or to what degree, something happened e.g. enough, nearly
Frequency: how often something occurs e.g. again, always, each
Place: tells us about where the verb took place - can function as prepositions but prepositions are followed by objects e.g. above, anywhere
Time: details when the verb took place e.g. already, immediately
what is a disjunct
- it’s a type of adverbial adjunct that expresses information that isn’t considered essential to the sentence it appears in e.g. Obviously, she lied
what are the 5 different types of adverbs
- manner
- time
- place
- frequency
- degree
what is a predicate adjective
- you need to connect the adjective to the subject with a linking verb. Linking verbs include all versions of the verb to be etc.
e. g. the dog appears 𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒚
what is an attributive adjective
- it ascribes a certain characteristic of the person, place or object represented by the noun e.g. I admired the 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒚 sky
what are correlative conjunctions
- They come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make them work – they work together and relate one sentence element to another, like coordinating conjunctions they connect words and phrases that carry equal weight
- they include pairs like both/and either/or neither/nor
what is an interrogative pronoun
- An interrogative pronoun is used when asking questions or finding out more information e.g. what, which, whom (also object pronoun), who (also subject pronoun), whose (also possessive)
effect of a colloqualism
- ‘gonna’, ‘wanna’ ‘y’all’
- can be idioms as well e.g. ‘raining cats and dogs’
- used in everyday, unconstrained conversation (can create synthetic personalisation)
effect of (suspended) multi-clausal complex sentences
- creates tension and makes the text more interesting and paint a more vivid picture in the reader’s head
