Language level 2: Grammar Flashcards
What is morphology
- study of word formation
What is syntax
- study of how words form larger structures e.g. phrases, clauses and sentences
What is prescriptive
- an approach to language study that focuses on rules and notions of correctness
What is a root
- a morpheme that can stand on its own and can usually form a word in its own right
What is a suffix and what effect can it have
- a morpheme that comes after a root word to modify its meaning
- they can change the intensity e.g. turning it into a superlative and the tense of the word
What is a prefix and what effect can it have
- a morpheme that goes before a root word to modify it meaning
- has a relation with semantics
What is an affix and infix
- overall term for an addition to a root (a prefix or suffix) to modify its meaning or create a new word
- an affix inserted inside a root word to create a new word/ modify the meaning e.g. abso-blooming-lutely
What is an inflectional function
- way an affix shows a grammatical category e.g. verb tense or a plural noun e.g. -ed
What is a derivational function
- way that an affix helps form a new word by attaching itself to a root
What is a noun phrase
- a group of words built around a noun
What is a verb phrase
- group of words built around a head (main) verb
What is a head word
- the main noun in the phrase
What is qualifier
- an additional word or phrase that adds some further detail to the noun e.g. rather, a great deal etc
What is a post-modifier
- a word that comes after the head noun to add detail or clarify some aspect of it
What is a primary auxiliary verb
- an auxiliary verb that joins w/ a main verb to show tense e.g. be, have etc
What is a modal auxiliary verb
- an auxiliary verb that joins w/ a main verb to show the degree of commitment towards an event or person that a speaker holds e.g. should, will, might and must
what is the role of the ‘subject’ of the clause
- is usually a noun phrase
- acts as the key focus of the clause and is often the focus of a relational verb process or the agent of a material verb process
what is the role of the ‘object’ of the clause
- usually a noun phrase
- identifies the entity being acted on by the action of a verb process
what is the role of the ‘complement’ of the clause
- is the attribute of a subject in a relational verb process
- it completes the information about the given expression
what is the role of the ‘adverbial’ of the clause
- usually an adverb or prepositional phrase
- identifies the circumstance of a verb process in terms of time, place or manner
what is a clause
- groups of words centred around a verb phrase
what is coordination
- the joining of two clauses that give them equal weighting
what is subordination
- the joining of two clauses that gives the main clauses more weight that the other subordinating clause(s)
what is an adverbial clause
- a subordinate clause that functions as an adverbial
- it also adds meaning to a clause by telling us when, why, where something happened
what is a noun clause
- a subordinate clause that functions as a subject, object or complement
what is active voice
- the agent in subject position for prominence (verb phrase in present or past tense)
what is passive voice
- an agent is omitted or placed later in the clause using a prepositional phrase
- verb phrase changes to a form of to be + participle form (verb toot +en/ed)
What is an orthographic sentence
- a ‘sentence’ marked by a capital letter and full stop, but containing no verb e.g. Bump bump. Pause.
what are the different phrases
- noun phrases
- verb phrases
- prepositional phrases
- adverb phrases
- adjective phrase
what makes a noun phrase and extended noun phrase
- if it has more than one adjective
analyse the phrases in “The black Labrador was chewing a juicy bone very noisily in the yard.
𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘬 𝘓𝘢𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘳 -- noun phrase 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 -- verb phrase 𝘢 𝘫𝘶𝘪𝘤𝘺 𝘣𝘰𝘯𝘦 -- noun phrase 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘯𝘰𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘺 -- adverbial phrase 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘺𝘢𝘳𝘥 -- prepositional phrase
What is a pre-modifier
- a word that goes before the head noun to add detail or clarify some aspect of it
Analyse the phrases : “British grass snakes may appear rather dangerous.”
𝘉𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘴𝘩 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘴 𝘴𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘴 – noun phrase
𝘮𝘢𝘺 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳 – verb phrase
𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘴 – adjective phrase
how to identify different phrases
- phrase are USUALLY named after their most important word - which always comes at the end
- EXCEPT for prepositional phrases AND post-modifying noun phrases
Analyse the phrase “These large sugary doughnuts filled with jam and cream are really fattening.”
𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘯𝘶𝘵𝘴 𝘧𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘫𝘢𝘮 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘮– noun phrase with a pre and post-modifier (verb ‘filled’ serving as an adjective)
𝘢𝘳𝘦 – verb phrase
𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 – adjective phrases
what is an elliptical clause
- where part of the clause is left out, but it’s meaning can clearly be understood e.g. Laurell finished her research sooner than Olivia 𝐝𝐢𝐝
what is an evaluative adjective
- adjectives that measure or express how the speaker or writer feels about the noun
- it gives an opinion or attitude e.g. the pretty egg
what is the subject, object, verb, complement and adverbial in the sentence: Eriksson made Michael Owen captain only this morning
Subject: Eriksson Verb: made Object: Michael Owen Complement: captain Adverbial: only this morning
difference between a direct and indirect object
- direct object: he, person or thing directly affected by the action expressed by the verb e.g. i sipped my tea
- indirect object: the person for whose benefit or disadvantage the action was carried out e.g. Alex gave Smith his papers
what is the subject, object, verb and adverbial in the sentence: ‘He felt her forehead for a temperature.’
Subject: He
Verb: felt
Object: her forehead
A: for a temperature
what is a compound-complex/ multi clausal sentence
- a combination of at least two independent clauses and a dependent clause (they tend to be very long sentences
passive voice can be used in texts when:
- the receiver is more important than the doer
- the doer is unknown/ unimportant or obvious
- scientific or legal writing
- to create suspense
- to leave things unclear
disjunction/ disjuncts
a coordinate construction uses disjunctive conjunction usually “or” or “either/or”to indicate a contrast
- items on either side of the disjunctive conjunction are called disjuncts
