Workbook5 Flashcards
On the AP Exam, the essay portion of the exam starts with a __ minute reading period, in which you can scribble notes, plan, and read DBQ documents but not yet write any essays.
10
Date: Beginnings of Agriculture
10000 BCE
The 2nd century BCE includes what years?
100s
Date: East-West Great Schism in Christian Church (Hint: __54 CE)
1054 CE
Date: Norman Conquest of England
1066 CE
Date: Battle of Manzikert
1071 CE
Date: First Crusade
1095 CE
Date: Mongols sack Baghdad
1258 CE
Date: Marco Polo Travels
1271-1295 CE
Date: Iron Age
1300 BCE
Date: Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage
1324 CE
Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin
1325 CE
Date: Black Death hits Europe
1347 CE
Date: End of Zheng He’s Voyages/Rise of Ottomans (Hint: __33 CE)
1433 CE
The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed. Hint: __53
1453
Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople (Hint: __53 CE)
1453 CE
Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope
1488
Date: Columbus “Sailed the Ocean Blue” / Reconquista of Spain (Hint: 1__2)
1492
The 16th century includes what years?
1500s
Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas (Hint: 1__2)
1502
Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses (Hint: 1__7)
1517
Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs (Hint: 1__1)
1521
Date: Pizarro Toppled the Incas (Hint: 1__3)
1533
Date: Battle of Lepanto (Hint: 1__1)
1571
Date: Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British (Hint: 1__8)
1588
Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa (Hint: 1__0)
1600
The 17th century includes what years?
1600s
Date: Founding of Jamestown (Hint: 1__7)
1607
Date: Thirty Years War begins (Hint: 1__8)
1618
Date: unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna (Hint: 1_83)
1683
Date: Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights (Hint: 1__9)
1689
The 18th century includes what years?
1700s
Date: 7 years war between France and Britain begins (Hint: 1__6)
1756
Date: American Revolution/Smith writes Wealth of Nations (Hint: 1__6)
1776
Date: French Revolution begins
1789
Date: End of Pax Romana
180 CE
The 19th century includes what years?
1800s
Date: Haitian Independence (Hint: 1__4)
1804
Date: Decade when Independence in mainland Latin America began (Hint: 1__0s)
1810s
Date: Congress of Vienna (Hint: 1__5)
1815
The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
1830
Date: First Opium War in China (Hint: 1__9)
1839
Date: Many European Revolutions / Marx and Engles write Communist Manifesto (Hint: 1__8)
1848
Date: Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade (Hint: 1__3)
1853
Date: Sepoy Mutiny or failed Indian revolution against British East India Company colonial rule (Hint: 1__7)
1857
In what year did the Indians attempt a widespread but disorganized rebellion against the British, resulting in even more intense colonization of India by the British?
1857
In what year did the Indians attempt a widespread but disorganized rebellion against the British, resulting in even more intense colonization of India more directly by the British Government?
1857
Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification (Hint: 1__1)
1861
Tsar Alexander II (r.1855-1881) emancipated the serfs in this year. (Hint:18_1)
1861
Date: Emancipation Proclamation in US (Hint: 1__3)
1863
The Serbians gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
1867
Date: German Unification (Hint: 1__1)
1871
Europeans scramble for Africa colonies started in this decade
1880s
Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa (Hint: 1__5)
1885
Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Hint: 1__8)
1898
Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa (Hint: 1__9)
1899
Date: Russo-Japanese War (Hint: 1__5)
1905
Date: Start of the ten year long Mexican Revolution. Not to be confused with Mexican war of Independence (1810-1821) (Hint: 1__0)
1910
Date: Chinese Revolution against traditional Chinese Imperial system. (Hint: 1__1)
1911
Date: WWI (from start to finish)
1914-1918
Date: Year of successful Russian Revolution(s)
1917
Date: Treaty of Versailles - End of WWI
1919
Date: Stock Market Crash
1929
Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Hint: 1__1)
1931
Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Hint: 1__5)
1935
Date: German blitzkrieg in Poland starting WWII in Europe.
1939
Date: Pearl Harbor, entry of US into WWII
1941
Date: end of WWII
1945
Date: independence & partition of India
1947
Date: declaration of of Israeli statehood
1948
Date: Chinese Communist Revolution
1949
Date: Korean War starts
1950
Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu (Hint: 1__4)
1954
Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal (Hint: 1__6)
1956
Date: Cuban Revolution (Hint: 1__9)
1959
Date: Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
Date: Six-day war in Israel; Chinese Cultural Revolution (Hint: 1__7)
1967
Date: Iranian Revolution (Hint: 1__9)
1979
Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada (Hint: 1__7)
1987
Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany
1989
Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq (Hint: 1__1)
1991
The year of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1991
Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa (Hint: 1__4)
1994
The minimum number times must you analyze the Point of View in documents within a DBQ essay?
2
You must group documents in at least 2 or 3 ways within the DBQ essay. What is the minimum number documents in a group?
2
Date: 9/11 Attacks
2001
Date: End of Han Dynasty
220 CE
Date: Qin Unified China
221 BCE
a good rule of thumb for essay writing is to do everything ____ times (3 body paragraphs, three POV, three supporting facts for each paragraph, etc).
3
Date: Beginning of Bronze Age and river valley civilizations (Hint: _000s BCE)
3000s BCE
Date: Beginnings of Christianity
32 CE
Date: Alexander the Great dies
323 BCE
Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople
333 CE
the year the Roman Empire Split. (Hint _85)
385
Date: Fall of Rome
476 CE
Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
4th century CE
Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire
527 CE
Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers
5th century BCE
Date: Rise of Islam
632 CE
Date: Origin of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
6th century BCE
Date: Battle of Tours
732 CE
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther’s list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
95 Theses
Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
Abbas the Great
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.
Abbasid Caliphate
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.
Abbasid Caliphate
third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.
Abbasid Caliphate
From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.
Abbasid Dynasty
Abbasids or Umayyads? Were more open and integrating of non Arab peoples, and were more open to the non-Arab masses converting to Islam.
Abbasids
to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the like, especially in a formal manner
Abdicate
The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.
Abolition
The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.
Aborigine
16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.
Abraham Lincoln
Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.
Absolute Monarchy
A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.
Absolutism
The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.
Achaemenid Empire
Greek for “high city”. The chief temples of the city were located here.
Acropolis
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Adam Smith
Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Adam Smith
Seen as the Father of Capitalism. Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.
Adam Smith
Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.
Adolf Hitler
German leader of the Nazi Party.
Adolf Hitler
This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany; he believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.
Adolf Hitler
In the 16th century, warfare between states/groups in _______ for the purposes of capturing new slaves to be taken to the Atlantic market increased dramatically.
Africa
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
African diaspora
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
African National Congress
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
Afrikaners
Resulted not only in a more reliable food source, but also in a shifting of dependancy and power to males over females, the claiming and defending of land, and the establishment of the first political and religious institutions.
Agricultural Revolution
The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
Agricultural Revolution
The switch to ______ created a more reliable and stable food supply.
Agriculture
A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.
AIDS
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
Akbar
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
Akbar
The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.
Akbar
The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.
Akbar
Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.
Akhenaten
Sargon of _____ began taking over Mesopotamian city-states in 2200BC to form the worlds first empire.
Akkad
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.
Albert Einstein
German physicist, father of modern quantum physics.
Albert Einstein
Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.
Albert Einstein
Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.
Alexander the Great
Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have modeled his conquest of India (forming the Mauryan Empire) off of the conquests of what other leader?
Alexander the Great
He and his father defeated and united the weakened Greek city-states and he defeated the Persian Empire in 330 BCE thus spreading Greek culture and influence throughout Western Asia.
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia
Alexander the Great
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.
Alexandria
How many documents must you use in the DBQ?
All
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India’s Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.
All-India Muslim League
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
American Revolution
People in this region developed complex urban societies and empires without the benefit of large pack animals or Iron technology.
Americas
The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.
Analects
A type of thinking. To determine various component parts and examine their nature and relationship.
Analyze
Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?
Anarchism
Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?
Anarchism
The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.
Ancestor Veneration
the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.
Andes Mountains
A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.
Apartheid
A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
Apartheid
A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.
Apostle Paul
The man who was instrumental in its spreading Christianity beyond its early Jewish roots, particularly to the Greeks.
Apostle Paul
A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.
aqueduct
Famous example of Roman engineering that also made possible the existence of large cities. http://farm1.staticflickr.com/35/282555316_0b4babb19d.jpg
Aqueducts
The field of study that tells us about wow humans lived in the Paleolithic Era.
Archeology
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato’s metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
Aristotle
Unlike his teacher Plato, he believe that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.
Aristotle
One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.
Armenia
A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.
Armistice
The famous ancient Indian book on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Written by Kautilya.
Arthashastra
immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
Aryans
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.
Asante
Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.
Ashoka
Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.
Asian Tigers
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
Asoka
Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.
Assimilation
Ethnic groups lost their distinctive culture through the domination of newly expanding empires. This process is called ______.
Assimilation
The process by which people are gradually absorbed and integrated into another culture.
assimilation
this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE
Assyrian Empire
One of the world’s largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt. A key project under Gama Abdel Nasser.
Aswan High Dam
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
Atahualpa
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
Athens
This city was the seat of Greek art, science, and philosophy. Paul visited this city during his second missionary journey and spoke to the citizens about their altar to the unknown god.
Athens
After 1500, world economic activity gradually began to shift toward this body of water, noncontributing to the rise of Western European colonialism and economic dominance in the world.
Atlantic
This body of water contributed to Britain, the United States, France, and eventually Germany becoming industrialized
Atlantic Ocean
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.
Audiencias
Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar ‘the Great’, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.
Aurangzeb
Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)
Auschwitz
A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.
Authoritarian
The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.
Axum
Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
Ayatollah Khomeini
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Aztecs
Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.
Aztecs
First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.
Babur
The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)
Babylon
Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites
Babylonian Empire
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).
Balance of Power
Statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
Balfour Declaration
geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.
Balkans
Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.
Balkans
A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.
Bantu
The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.
Bantu
The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000
Bantu migration
Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome
baroque
Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Afica.
Bartholomew Dias
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.
Bartolomeu Dias
16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi’ites Vs. Sunnis).
Battle of Chaldiran
(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.
Battle of Hastings
(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.
Battle of Manzikert
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.
Battle of Midway
(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.
Battle of Tours
Dates that countdown backwards to the year zero.
BCE
China’s northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People’s Republic of China.
Beijing
King Leopold II of this country acquired the massive territory of the Congo as his own private possession, which became one of the most brutal episodes of African colonial history and has left violent legacy in places like Congo and Rwanda today.
Belgium
Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.
Bengal
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
Benito Mussolini
Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism
Benito Mussolini
American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.
Benjamin Franklin
supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.
Berlin Airlift
Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift
Berlin Blockade
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.
Berlin Conference
Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.
Berlin Conference
In 1884, European powers met in Germany for this gathering. They created a plan for dividing up the remaining territory in Africa.
Berlin Conference
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.
Berlin Wall
A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.
Bhagavad Gita
The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.
Bhagavad-Gita
The holy book of Christians.
Bible
Cosmological model that explains the sudden development of the universe through expansion from a hot, dense state.
Big Bang Theory
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.
Black Death
This body of water is North of present-day Turkey. http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3529/3278977531_f628aa09e2.jpg
Black Sea
In 1763, British soldiers fighting native Americans in the Pontiac War, are famously accused of giving _______ infected with small pox to the natives. This has been suggested as an early example of germ warfare.
blankets
A enlightened being who put off nirvana to come back and help others become enlightened.
Boddhisatva
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
Boer War
Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. They eventually seized power in Russia in 1917.
Bolsheviks
The Marxist revolutionaries who eventually gain control of Russia in 1917.
Bolsheviks
A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.
Bourbon
A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It’s a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It’s characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.
Bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
bourgeoisie
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Boxer Rebellion
The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.
Brahman
The priest varna of the caste system.
Brahmins
A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.
Bread and Circuses
After Egypt became independent from the Ottomans, it still had to contend with the influence of European imperialists, particularly this nation.
Britain
In the mid 1700s this place was the first to develop industrialized methods.
Britain
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.
British East India Company
The name for the British government’s military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.
British Raj
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947–from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
British Raj
Some people call the later part of the Neolithic Age the ______ Age because of the advancements in metalurgy and tools.
Bronze
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
Bronze Age
Also called the Black Death; is believed to be the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the people in parts of China and Europe.
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
Bubonic plague
Means “Enlightened One.” He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering.
Buddha
Means “Enlightened One.” He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.
Buddha
a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.
Buddhism
Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one’s desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.
Buddhism
the teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
Buddhism
This artistic ritual is related to what religion?
Buddhism
Organized system of administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected officials.
Bureaucracy
The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
Bushido
The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine Emperor
Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.
Byzantine Empire
Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from ‘Byzantion,’ an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Byzantine Empire
Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.
Byzantine Empire
He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.
Caesar Augustus
Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
caliphate
The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia’s unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.
Camillo di Cavour
Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.
canals
(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.
Capitalism
An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production.
Capitalism
Economic system with private and corporate ownership of property and competitive markets. However, since its origins in the 18th and 19th century it was also often correlated to large-scale collusion between governments and private industries such as through establishing royal charters, copyrights and patents, corporate law, and eventually even subsidies of taxpayer money to private industries.
Capitalism
The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. The belief that all people should seek their own profit gain and that doing so is beneficial to society. See Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776).
capitalism
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
caravel
Charlemagne’s empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century
Carolingian Empire
City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.
Carthage
This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.
Carthage
a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person’s occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society
Caste System
India’s traditional social hierarchy.
Caste system
The system in old India that seperated the people into social categories, but based mostly on color with the Aryans always on the top of the social pyramid.
Caste System
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe’s most powerful nations
Catherine the Great
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
Catholic Reformation
By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.
caudillos
By the 1830s, Latin America was mostly ruled by these military dictators from the creole class (American-born European-descendant).
caudillos
Represents dates after the year zero. Stands for Common Era.
CE
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)
Cecil Rhodes
Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.
Celts
In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.
Central Powers
Empires and states developed increasingly _________ governments to administer and organize their subjects (600 BCE to 600 CE, in China, Persia, Rome etc.)
Centralized
A period of 100 years.
Century
The smallest unit of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.
Century
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
Champa Rice
A strong military unit of the ancient time, combining pastoralist technologies of horseback riding and wheels.
chariots
(768-814 CE) Crowned king in 800 CE by the pope; can be compared to Harsha; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.
Charlemagne
King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.
Charlemagne
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin
French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969
Charles de Gaulle
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Charles V
A pre-Incan South American civilization developed in Peru; famous for their style of architecture and drainage systems to protect from floods.
Chavin
the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.
Chavin
The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.
Chavin
was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.
Che Guevara
In response to the rapid expansion by the United States, this native tribal group formed a national government, sought to modernize their society, but were forcibly relocated in the 1830s.
Cherokee
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. In 1949 the Guomingdang was defeated by the CCP and transplanted to Taiwan.
Chiang Kai-Shek
Took control of the Guomindang. Led troops on the Northern Expedition to end warlord era and unify China.
Chiang Kaishek
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.
chiefdom
In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.
china
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.
chinampas
To maintain centralized control, rulers recruited and use bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals. For example the Chinese used this system.
Chinese Examination system
Code of honor and ethics taken by knights.
Chivalry
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
Christianity
Although initially it was seen as a bizarre cult and was violently persecuted, eventually it gained acceptance and in the 300s became the official religion of the Roman state.
Christianity
Official Religion during the declining century of the Roman Empire.
Christianity
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
Christopher Columbus
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Christopher Columbus
Incorrectly calculated the circumference of the globe, and gained Spanish support to travel west to Asia based on this. Believed he had reached islands off the coast of Asia, when he had actually reached the Caribbean.
Christopher Columbus
When noting dates the letter “c.” before a date represents what? (example: Jesus was born c. 5 BCE). It means approximately.
circa
Served as centers of trade, public performance, and political administration (for example Athens, Carthage, and Teotihucan)
Cities
A limited form of _______ was awarded to allies and new territories of the Roman Empire as a form of control, foreign policy, and recruitment.
Citizenship
A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.
city state
Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.
civil disobedience
In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.
Civil Service Exam
A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.
Civilian Conservation Corps
carpet bombing, fire bombing, and nuclear bombs were dropped on ______ as an act of violence to acheive political aims
civilians
A traditional and somewhat controversial term to describe an urbanized society with written language, complex social, political, and religious institutions.
Civilization
Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.
Cixi
Access to rivers, iron ore, timber, and _____ was a major determining factor in which countries were able to industrialize during this period.
coal
A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world.
Code of Hammurabi
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Cold War
The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.
Cold War
The process seen in the Soviet Union and Communist China to form communal work units for agriculture and manufacturing–from private hands to large, collective, government operations.
Collectivization
The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
Colombian Exchange
Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.
colonialism
The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people
Colonization
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.
Columbian Exchange
Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan’s empire expanded.
Comfort girls
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Commercial Revolution
From 1900 to the present, science has lead to an influx of technological development. _________ between regions became easy through utilization of the telephone, television, radio, and internet.
Communication
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Communism
According to Karl Marx, a classless and stateless society at its ultimate peak of historical development.
Communism
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
Communist Manifesto
A type of thinking. To examine the similarities and/or differences.
Compare
Also introduced to the Mesopotamian city states by pastoralists, this ranged weapon was stronger than any of its counter parts.
compound bow
A _____ at the end of a DBQ essay is not required for points but it can be used to help reiterate your thesis or perhaps to get certain expanded core points.
Conclusion
the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.
Concordat
Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors.
Confucianism
Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice
Confucianism
Ideology used within the Chinese government. Officials had to pass exams on the subject to take part in government.
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Confucianism
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.
Confucius
Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)
Confucius
His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).
Confucius
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon’s exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon’s exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.
Congress of Vienna
was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Congress of Vienna
Generic term for a Spanish conqueror of the Americas.
Conquistador
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
conquistadors
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
Conservatism
A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.
Conservative
Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.
Constantine
Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital
Constantine
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
Constantinople
City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
Constitutional Convention
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
Constitutional Monarchy
The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.
constitutionalism
Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.
Consul
an act or policy of restricting the territorial growth or ideological influence of another, such as the US Cold War policy toward the USSR.
Containment
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Copernicus
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
Corporation
The Spanish conqueror of Mexico.
Cortes
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Cossacks
Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.
cottage industry
The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US
cotton
(1545-1563 CE) Council of the Catholic Reformation that reemphasized and justified the Roman Catholic beliefs. In response to the Protestant Reformation.
Coucil of Trent
(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.
Council of Nicaea
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Counter Reformation
Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.
creole
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.
creoles
(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.
Crimean War
19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.
Crimean War
19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it ultimately proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.
Crimean War
war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.
Crimean War
a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe’s centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
Crusades
Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
Crystal Palace
A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Because more people stayed in one place instead of having to keep moving, it helped build a stronger sense of _________ tradition.
cultural
Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.
cultural imperialism
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Cultural Revolution
Ethnic enclaves helped transplant the migrants’ _______ into their new environments.
Culture
One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on this. Includes diffusion and the development of ideas, religions and other belief systems and philosophies, science and technology, art, language, and architecture.
Culture
A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.
cuneiform
The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.
cuneiform
Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name
Cyrus
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.
Cyrus
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
czar
A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.
Daimyo
Originally, a title meaning ‘universal priest’ that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.
dalai lama
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.
Daoism
Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable “Way.” It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.
Daoism
Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from ‘the way’ or ‘path’ of nature.
Daoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
Daoism
Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China
Daoism
an Arabic term that means the “house of Islam” and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Dar al islam
a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.
Dar al-Islam
The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.
Darius
Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.
Darius I
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.
Declaration of Independence
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
deforestation
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Deism
God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws.
Deism
The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
Deism
(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.
Delhi Sultanate
The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.
Delhi Sultanate
Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian “golden age.”
Delian League
system of government in which all ‘citizens’ (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)
democracy
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Demographic Transition
Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
Deng Xiaoping
to remove from office or position, esp. high office: The people _______ the dictator.
Deposed
The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture.
Desertification
‘Selection’ in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.
devshirme
The basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects.
Dharma
the fulfillment of one’s social and religious duties in Hinduism
Dharma
Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.
Dhows
A Greek word meaning ‘dispersal,’ used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.
diaspora
any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.
Diaspora
The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another
Diffusion
Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
Diocletian
Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.
Diocletian
War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.
Dirty War
Enlightenment ideas such as the social contract, natural rights, and the general will were a challenge to this traditional basis of rule by monarchs.
Divine right
Enlightenment ideas such as the social contract, natural rights, and the general will were a challenge to this traditional basis of rule by monarchs.
Divine right
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people’s consent
Divine Right of Kings
Expressing and explaining the need for an additional _______ is worth 1 point on a DBQ Essay,
Document
The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.
Domino Theory
A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.
driver
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.
Druids
Although the the US did not attempt to settle or colonize South America like other imperialistic nations had done, they did exert ________ influence that in an imperialistic way.
economic
Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.
economic sanctions
One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on ______ structure/systems. Includes systems or trade and exchange, economic theories, agricultural and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, socialism, and related economic ideologies.
Economics
Characterized by belief in the equality of all people, especially in political and social life.
Egalitarian
In the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire lost this North African country which had been part of it’s empire.
Egypt
society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead
Egypt
This early empire has its home along Africa’s longest river, with a detailed form of writing.
Egypt
_____ conflicts were common within places after they win their independence, especially if they have diverse populations and differing national identities.
Ehtnic
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
electricity
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).
Eli Whitney
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.
Emilano Zapata
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).
Emperor Menelik
Starting in approximately 2500 BC, the Akkadians invaded the Sumerians and created what is probably the first ______, which is when societies are in some way taken over and dominated by a central authority.
Empire
theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.
Empiricism
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
Empress Dowager Cixi
the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.
Empress Wu
Ethnic ________ were territories or communities with a distinct ethnicity, often developing during the mass migration to big cities in the 19th century. Examples, “China Towns,” “Little Italies” etc
Enclaves
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners–contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.
enclosure
The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.
Enclosure Movement
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.
Encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.
encomienda
Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.
Encomienda
A labor system set up by the Spanish government where Spanish colonists could work the native Americans on their land while compensating them and agreeing to educate some of them and teach them about Christianity. The system was meant to curb exploitation but actually made the exploitation of Native Americans worse.
Enconmienda
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
English Civil War
an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.
English East India Company
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
Enlightenment
A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.
Enlightenment
One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on human interaction with this. Also includes things such as large-scale demographics and disease, human migration, and patterns of settlement.
Environment
An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
Epic of Gilgamesh
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.
Estates General
The traditional group of representatives from the three Estates of French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Louis XVI assembled this group to deal with the financial crisis in France at the time, but the 3rd estate demanded more rights and representation.
Estates General
East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.
Ethiopia
Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
ethnic cleansing
the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.
Ethnic Cleansing
castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler’s concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.
Eunuchs
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.
European Community
an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
European Union
Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.
Eva Peron
A type of thinking. Judging the value or character of something; discussing the positive and negative advantages or disadvantages.
Evaluate
In the 1880s the United States passed the The Chinese _______ Act, which banned Chinese immigration.
Exclusion
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
extraterritoriality
This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.
factory system
The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.
Fall of the Roman Empire
True/False: You cannot get the point for using all documents in the DBQ if you do not cite which document the information came from.
FALSE
As industrialization gradually became more intense in certain areas men displaced women in factories and were paid more partly because men were seen as requiring a _____ _____.
family wage
As industrialization gradually became more intense in certain areas, men displaced women in factories and were paid more, partly because men were seen as requiring a _____ _____.
family wage
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism).
Fascism
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.
Fascism
Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini’s instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.
Fascist Party
A female movement for gender equality.
Feminism
Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began.
Fertile Crescent
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile.
Fertile Crescent
Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927).
Fidel Castro
Concept is stressed in Confucianism. Reflected the high significance of the family in Chinese history.
Filial Piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors.
Filial Piety
A new technology discovered in the stone age used for protection against cold and predators and was a major develop on the path toward other future technologies such as metallurgy.
Fire
1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.
First Crusade
Stalin’s economic plan to build heavy industry.
First Five Year Plan
The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca
Five Pillars
Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
Five Year Plans
Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior.
Floating Worlds
This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s,
Florence
The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.
Flu Pandemic of 1918
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
Foot Binding
Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.
Forbidden City
The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People’s Republic of China.
Forbidden City
This new source of energy powered steam engines and internal combustion engines and greatly increased the energy available to industrial societies.
fossil fuels
South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.
Four Asian Tigers
- Suffering is always present in life2. Desire is the cause of suffering3. Freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana4. The Eightfold Path leads to nirvana
Four Noble Truths
All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire.
Four Noble Truths
Crop rotation methods are ancient but this Dutch method from the 1500s was popularized in Britain in the 1700s and led to a large increase in agricultural productivity. It typically involved rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover, and allowed livestock to be bred year-round.
Four-field rotation
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.
Fourteen Points
This European nation lost colonies in the Americas but expanded its presence in Indochina and Africa in the 19th century.
France
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death
Francisco Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).
Francisco Franco
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Francisco Pizarro
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
Franco-Prussian War
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia.
Franco-Prussian War
President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.
Fransisco Pizarro
Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.
Franz Ferdinand
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon’s overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
French Revolution
A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.
fresco
This scientist proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
Galileo Galilei
He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt
Gamal Abdel Nasser
while many places were using violence to promote political change, this man famously did not.
Gandhi
_____ _____ Crops have been altered to grow and interact a certain way with new environments. These crops utilized during the Green Revolution.
Genetically Modified
A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
Geneva Conference
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
Genghis Khan
Founder of the Mongol Empire.
Genghis Khan
A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.
gentry
Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).
George Washington
The Roman Empire fought ______________ people on their Northern boarder but never conquered them.borders.
Germanic
The spread of nationalism led to the unification of this central European nation, following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871
Germany
Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (‘New State’), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.
Getulio Vargas
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.
Ghana
The kingdom in West Africa that prospered because of trans-Saharan trade especially in gold; this kingdom was around at the time of Muslim control in North Africa.
Ghana
West African state that supplied the majority of the world’s gold from 500 CE-1400’s
Ghana
The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the ‘universal’ leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
Ghengis Khan
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.
Glasnost
The process of the world becoming more economically interconnected and interdependent. The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.
Globalization
Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.
Glorious Revolution
The desert to the north of China
Gobi
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.
Gold Coast
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
Golden Horde
Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.
Gothic Cathedrals
An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.
Goths
war bonds are an example of ____ trying to mobilize their populations for war
governments
The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.
Grand Canal
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
Great Circuit
A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.
Great Depression
economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.
Great Leap Forward
Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People’s Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.
Great Leap Forward
(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.
Great Purge
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)
Great Schism
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
Great Schism
a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km
Great Wall
A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
Great Zimbabwe
Known for their culture (such as art, architecture and philosophy). Made up of city-states. Didn’t have a large empire or military.
Greeks
The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.
Green Revolution
A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
In the DBQ essay, you need at least 2-3 of these, which allow you to answer the question by analyzing comparisons between documents.
groups
a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.
Guerrilla
In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.
guild
Economic groups that functioned as jati by controling prices, output, workers, and competition for a specific product.
Guilds
Pre-industiral associations of businessmen and producers two work for their collective interest.
Guilds
Russian prison camp for political prisoners
gulag
A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.
Gulf War
Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.
Gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
gunpowder
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.
Guomindang
Political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.
Guomindang
(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature
Gupta Dynasty
Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science.
Gupta Dynasty
(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.
Gupta Empire
Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.
Gupta Empire
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.
Habsburg
German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe
Habsburg
Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.
Hacienda
Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.
Hacienda
