Chapter 8-14 midterm 2 Flashcards
Role of Arab pastoralists in the relationship between the Sasanid & Byzantine
Empires
Arab pastoralists were the main supplier of animal power through the region. they traveled in caravans that gave Arabs familiarity of the Byzantine and Sassanid cultures and lifestyles. Some who pastured their herds on imperial frontiers adopted one form or another of christianity. Even in the interior desserts polytheism encountered more sophisticated religions.
NOT they were incorporated in the sasanid and byzantine governments as officials
Muslim view of Christianity & Judaism
Because earlier messengers mentioned in the revelations include noah, moses, and Jesus, Muhammad’s hearers felt his messages resembled the Judaism and Christianity they were already familiar with. but his revelations charged jews and christians with being negligent in preserving Gods revealed word. kaba prayer direction used to separate themselves from jews. they felt his revelations were more perfect then bible cause bible had gone through a editing process.
Why Muslims changed the direction of their prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca
kaba was considered house of god, and separation from jewish faith.
Supremacy of the Medinan state
medina had grown into a bustling city-state.
depended on not kinship but a common faith in a single god.
Five Pillars of Islam
- avowal that there is only God and Muhammad is his messenger
- prayer 5 times a day
- fasting during the lunar months of ramadan
- paying alms
- making pilgrimage to mecca at least once in ones lifetime
NOT ONE=fighting in holy war, or jihad
Spread of the Muslim Empire
conquest outside Arabia began with Umar
arab armies wrenched Syria and Egypt away from the Byzantine empire and defeated Sassanid shah Yazdigird III
after a decade long lull, expansion began again.
Tunisia fell and became governing center
arab army greatly composed of berbers from N Africa
in 11th century conquest began in india, Anatolia, and sub saharan Africa.
they also expanded peacefully with trade.
the fact that the caliphs who guided the conquests were both sophisticated and inspired by muhammad
Relationship of Arab Muslims to their subject peoples
little spoke arabic language
arab muslims lived on subject taxes
no conversion efforts, or missionary
arabs were a minority and they had no incentive to promote cohesive missionary movements
Decline of the Umayyad Dynasty
fell after a decade of growing unrest
resentment for unequal status with arabs
Shi’ites and kharujites attacked Umayyad family’s legitimacy as rulers and launched numerous rebellions until in 750 they overthrew the last Umayyad caliph.
upon victory they formed the Abbasid caliphate.
the umayyad ban on trade caused economic hardship
The Hadith
used to convey the precise words or deeds of Muhammad
they felt with ritual matters like how to wash before prayer and providing answers to legal questions.
importance growth = bigger branch of learning about it.
provided a valuable supplement to the quaran, adding material on legal issues not covered there
Muslim practice of secluding and veiling women
women barely traveled
those in rural areas worked on farms
urban women usually elite lived in seclusion and did not leave the home without covering themselves.
this already existed in byzan and sasanid ,
through interpretations of the quran these practices became fixtures of muslim social life.
some women became literate
public roles for women not common.
slave women could dance and men could have sex with as many as he pleased.
up to 4 wives
has its roots in byzantine and sasanid times
Why hereditary slave society never developed in the Islamic world
because muslims couldn’t enslave other muslims of followers of the book, so prisoner slaves would convert to islam and become free, and any baby born from free father is free.
slaves usually converted to islam, often causing their masters to free them and the offspring of slave women and muslim men were set free
Symbolism of the crowning of Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans by the
pope
a shift in focus away from the mediterranean and toward northern germanic europe
Why 500 C.E. through 1300 C.E. is called the “Middle Ages”
because it comes between the era of greco roman and the renaissance
Unifying forces in the chaotic remains of the western Roman Empire
NOT slavic religious tradition
Influence of Roman traditions in Byzantium
byzantium carried on the traditions of rome, including christianity almost without interruption
Why it is paradoxical that women ruled the Byzantine Empire together with their
husbands from 1028 to 1056
byzantine women increasingly confined themselves to homes & required to veil themselves in public
Factors prompting the growth of the great fortified manors
not religious wars
How improvements in armor dictated changes as to who could become a
mounted knight
As armor became more expensive, only the wealthy could afford to outfit themselves properly.
Noblewomen in medieval Europe
Noblewomen DIDNT live powerless, sheltered lives.
Investiture Controversy
a conflict between the peopes and kings regarding control of ecclesiastical offices
What kept most ancient works in Latin from disappearing
9th century monks copyed them
Why Kievan Russians decided to adopt Orthodox Christianity
they were impressed by the magnificence of constantinople
Technological innovations playing a significant role in the launching of the
economy of Western Europe after the year 1000
iron horse shoes
horse collar
the plow
Purpose of the Grand Canal
facilitate trade & communication within china
Why the Sui Empire lasted such a short time
it was exhausted by its extraordinary pace of expansion and over-centralization
Beliefs of Mahayana Buddhism
bodhisattvas have postponed nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment
Ways Buddhist institutions allied themselves with the Tang imperial family
NOT monastic leaders openly supported women as emperors
How the bubonic plague reached East Asia
it came along the sea route linking the red sea and persian gulf with canton
The Uighurs
were famous merchants and scribes
Change in the status of women during the Song Dynasty
footbinding
Why the Song Empire looked east and south for allies
areas north and west of china were strongly oriented towards buddhism
Rice growing and Confucian ideology
it demanded cooperation of large kin groups
Where movable type was originally developed
korea
What most likely unified central Japan in the 4th or 5th century C.E.
korean warriors on horseback
Why concept of Mandate of Heaven was not important in Japan
japanese rulers always came from the same family
What the lives of Japanese women were like
the combination of lonliness, free time & writing encouraged japanese women to produce an outpouring of poetry, diaries and novels
the early annamese were probably not ahead of chinese in their
military tactics
Indications that Teotihuacan probably used its military to expand its trade
relations
the discovery of representations of soldiers in teotihuacan dress in the maya region of guatamala
Typical goal of Maya military forces
to secure captives rather than territory
Toltecs
not true: unlike earlier mesoamerican societies, they never practiced human sacrifice
Percentage of Aztec’s capital’s food requirement met by tribute from conquered
peoples
25%
What Huitzilopochtli needed to sustain him in his daily struggle to bring the
Sun’s warmth to the world
a constant supply of human hearts
Most likely reason that sites in Chaco Canyon were abandoned by the Anasazi
a long drought which undermined the agricultural economy
Attributes of North American chiefdoms
they DIDNT managed large groups of people to build monumental architecture
Most likely explanation for the Mississippian culture possessing the knowledge
to grow maize, squash, and beans
they learned it from contact with cultures living between them and mesoamerica
Wari and Tiwanaku
a
How scholars have traced Wari’s expanding power
tracing the spread of wari pottery
What Inca civilization was originally based on
reciprocal gift giving and the redistribution of food and textiles
What Inca prosperity and military strength depended on
llamas and alpacas
Monotheistic religions
religions that believe in 1 god
Differences between oligarchy, monarchy, democracy, and theocracy
oligarchy=a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
monarchy=a form of government with a monarch at the head.
democracy=a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
theocracy= a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Goal of the Christian Crusades
Capture the Holy Land from Islamic Rulers
The one unifying institution in medieval Europe
Catholic church
