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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Workbook - Skin > Flashcards

Workbook - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers is skin composed of?

A

Two.

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of skin called?

A

Epidermis.

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3
Q

What is the underlying layer of connective tissue in skin called?

A

Dermis.

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4
Q

What is deep to the dermis?

A

Superficial fascia/hypodermis/subcutis.

-layer of loose connective tissue with variable amounts of fat

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5
Q

What are the layers of skin?

A

-Epidermis
-Dermis
(-Hypodermis)

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6
Q

What determines whether skin is defined as thin or thick?

A

The thickness of the epidermis.

-particularly the outer layer of epidermis

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7
Q

What is another difference between thick and thin skin (apart from the thickness of the epidermis)?

A

Thin skin has hair follicles, thick skin is glabrous (non-hairy).

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8
Q

Where is thick skin generally located in humans?

A

Areas with lots of abrasion.

-fingertips, palms, soles

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis made up of?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous.

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10
Q

What are the main layers of thick skin? (5)

A

DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL:

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum graulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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11
Q

What is stratum basale responsible for?

A

Regeneration (repeated mitotic divisions).

-irregular

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12
Q

What is stratum spinosum composed of?

A

Keratinocytes connected by desmosomes.

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13
Q

What is stratum granulosum composed of?

A

Loose nuclei and cytoplasms&raquo_space; masses of keratin.

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14
Q

What is stratum lucidum like, and where is it found?

A

Thin and transparent.

-in the palms and soles

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15
Q

What is stratum corneum composed of?

A

Sheets of keratin.

-contains most barrier functions

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16
Q

Which layers of thick skin are most prominent?

A
  • Stratum spinosum

- Stratum granulosum.

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17
Q

Which layer of thick skin is absent in thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of non-epithelial cells present in the epidermis?

A
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Merkel cells
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19
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

The pigment cells of the skin.

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20
Q

Which non-epithelial cells in the epidermis play a role in immunology?

A

Langerhans cells.

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21
Q

Which non-epithelial cells in the epidermis act as mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel cells.

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22
Q

What are the main types of skin cancer? (3)

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
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23
Q

How do the different types of skin cancer vary?

A

Each derived from different layers of the epidermis.

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24
Q

What layer of the epidermis is basal cell carcinoma derived from?

A

Stratum basale.

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25
Q

What layers of the epidermis is squamous cell carcinoma derived from?

A 
Upper layers (keratinocytes/granular).
-stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
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26
Q

What layer of the epidermis is malignant melanoma derived from?

A

Stratum basale.

-melanocytes

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27
Q

Which type of skin cancer is the least common and most dangerous?

A

Malignant melanoma.

-metastasises quickly

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28
Q

What are warts?

A

Small benign growths caused by viral infection (HPV) of the skin/mucous membrane.
» increase keratin production in the epidermis

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29
Q

What happens during development to a number of epidermis structures?

A

They grow downwards to invade the underlying dermis and hypodermis.

30
Q

What do the down-growths of the epidermis form?

A

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

31
Q

Which of these features are absent in thick skin?

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

A
  • Hair follicles

- Sebaceous glands

32
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Secrete lubricating oil into hair follicles to lubricate hair and skin.

33
Q

Which of these features are involved in the development of acne?
(Sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles.)

A
  • Hair follicles (clogged with dead skin and oils)

- Sebaceous glands (produce excess sebum/oils)

34
Q

Where are arrector pili muscles, and what is their function?

A

Attached to hair follicles below sebaceous glands.

-contract to make hairs stand up&raquo_space; insulation

35
Q

What sort of nerve supply do the arrector pili muscles have?

A

Sympathetic nerve supply.

36
Q

What other structures in the skin have a sympathetic nerve supply, and what is the consequences of stimulating these fibres?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands (stimulated by increased body temperature)
  • Vessels (stimulation&raquo_space; constriction)
37
Q

Where are apocrine glands mainly located?

A

Axillary and groin regions.

38
Q

What lies between the epidermis and dermis?

A

A specialised basement membrane.

39
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Connective tissue containing irregular bundles of collagen fibres and networks of elastic fibres.

40
Q

How many layers is the dermis subdivided into?

A

Two.

41
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer (superficial, loosely woven)

- Reticular layer (deep, dense)

42
Q

Where do the epidermis and dermis interlock the most?

A

In areas of thick skin subject to friction.

-produces individual fingertips

43
Q

What structures are formed in areas where the epidermis and dermis interlock? (2)

A
  • Rete ridges (epidermal downgrowths)

- Dermal papillae (projecting upwards)

44
Q

Which layer of the skin contains the blood and nerve supply?

A

The dermis.

45
Q

What is a blister?

A

Fluid-filled structure within/under the epidermis.

46
Q

How are burns classified?

A

According the layers of skin that are damaged.

47
Q

What layer of the skin is damaged in 1st degree burns?

A

Epidermis only.

48
Q

Which layers of skin are damaged in 2nd degree burns?

A

Epidermis and part of dermis.

49
Q

Which layers of skin are damaged in 3rd degree burns?

A

All layers of skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis).

-extends to subcutaneous tissue

50
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

51
Q

What do branches of cutaneous nerves form at the base of a dermis?

A

A dermal nerve plexus.

-individual fibres then branch into higher levels of skin

52
Q

How are cutaneous sensory receptors classified?

A

Morphologically.

-into 2 groups

53
Q

What are the 2 groups of cutaneous sensory receptors?

A
  • Free nerve endings / unencapsulated nerve endings / simple receptors
  • Encapsulated nerve endings / compound receptors
54
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Branching axons lacking surrounding Schwann cells.

55
Q

List some of the functions of free nerve endings? (3)

A
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
56
Q

What are some free nerve cells associate with in the basal layer of epithelium?

A

Merkel cells.

57
Q

What do free nerve cells and merkel cells form in the basal layer of epithelium?

A

Merkel cell-neurite complexes.

-act as mechanoreceptors

58
Q

What do encapsulated nerve endings act as?

A

Mechanoreceptors.

59
Q

Which skin receptors have a slow speed of adaptation? (2)

A
  • Merkel cell-neurite complexes

- Ruffini endings

60
Q

Which skin receptors have a fast speed of adaptation? (2)

A
  • Pacinian corpuscle

- Meissner’s corpuscle

61
Q

Where are merkel cell-neurite complexes located?

A

Dermal epidermal junction.

62
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?

A

Hypodermis.

-deep layer

63
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located?

A

Dermis.

64
Q

Where are Ruffini’s endings located?

A

Dermis / subcutaneous connective tissue.

65
Q

What do Merkel cell-neurite complexes detect?

A

Pressure.

66
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Pressure, vibration, tension.

67
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles detect?

A

Light discriminatory tough, pressure, vibration.

68
Q

What do Ruffini’s ending detect?

A

Stretching, shearing.

69
Q

What receptors would be responsible for detecting light stroking?

A
  • Merkel

- Meissner’s

70
Q

What receptors would be responsible for reading Braille?

A
  • Meissner’s

- Pacinian

71
Q

What receptor would be responsible for detecting a small insect crawling over skin?

A

-Merkel

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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