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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A
  1. (/33)
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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there in each section of the spine?

A 
CERVICAL - 7
THORACIC - 12
LUMBAR - 5
SACRAL - 5
COCCYX - 1 (/4)
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3
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there?

A

31.

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4
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there in each region?

A 
CERVICAL - 8
THORACIC - 12 
LUMBAR - 5
SACRAL - 5
COCCYX - 1
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5
Q

Which 2 sections of the spine have an unusual number of spinal nerves?

A

CERVICAL - 7 vertebrae but 8 spinal nerve pairs

COCCYX - only 1 spinal nerve pair

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6
Q

What does each segment of the spinal cord give rise to?

A

1 pair of segmental spinal nerve.

-31 pairs in total

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7
Q

Where do spinal nerves leave the vertebral column in relation to vertebrae?

A
  • C1-7 emerge superior to corresponding vertebrae
  • C8 emerges inferior to vertebra C7
  • T1-Co emerge inferior to corresponding vertebrae
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8
Q

What is another name for thoracic spinal nerves?

A

Inter-costal nerves.

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9
Q

What is another name for T12 spinal nerve?

A

Subcostal nerve.

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10
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Spinal cord enlargement where brachial plexus leaves&raquo_space; arms.

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11
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

Spinal cord enlargement where sciatic nerve leaves&raquo_space; legs.

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12
Q

What sort of information do dorsal rootlets contain?

A

Sensory information.

-afferent fibres

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13
Q

What sort of information do ventral rootlets contain?

A

Motor information.

-efferent fibres

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14
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate (inferior tip) in adults?

A

Conus medullaris (L1-2).

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15
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bundle of spinal nerves inferior to conus medullaris (L2 downwards).
-dorsal and ventral roots of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves

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16
Q

Which part of the nervous system does the cauda equina belong to?

A

PNS.

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17
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Remnant of developing spinal cord.

-fine extension of pia mater from conus medullaris to coccyx.

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18
Q

What are the 2 parts of the filum terminale, and where do they terminate?

A
  • Internum - ~lower S2

* Externum - coccyx

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges that surround the spinal cord?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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20
Q

How many layers of dura mater surround the spinal cord?

A

1 (meningeal).

-unlike 2 that surround the brain

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21
Q

What separates the dura mater from surrounding bone?

A

Fat-filled epidural (extra) space.

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22
Q

What does the pia mater form laterally?

A

Flat denticulate ligaments.

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23
Q

Where is CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space.

-between arachnoid mater and pia mater

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24
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Through lateral and median apertures of the ventricular system.

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25
What is the periosteal layer of dura mater continuous with?
Periosteum of the skull. | -doesn't surround spinal cord
26
What are denticulate ligaments?
Extensions from lateral pia mater to the canal wall. | -stabilise the cord
27
What is a ganglion (PNS)?
Collection of cell bodies.
28
What does the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contain?
Cell bodies of 1* sensory fibres. | -take information from skin surface
29
What is an epidural?
Injection of local anaesthetic into epidural space. - does not pass through dura mater - localised effect
30
What is a spinal anaesthetic?
Injection of local anaesthetic into subdural space. - pierces dura mater - more spread effect
31
What is the lumbar cistern?
Enlargement of subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris and dura inferior end of dura mater. (L1/2 - S2)
32
What does the lumbar cistern contain? (3)
- CSF - Filum terminale - Cauda equina
33
What is the lumbar cistern good for clinically?
Lumbar puncture (to withdraw CSF). - spinal cord not present - cauda equina moves out of the way
34
How far down the vertebral canal does the spinal cord extend in a foetus (2-3 months)?
All the way down.
35
What happens to the spinal cord as the back stretches?
The spinal cord doesn't grow as fast as the vertebral canal, so regresses up it. >> leaves filum terminale
36
What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord?
- Unpaired anterior spinal arteries | - Paired posterior spinal arteries
37
Where do spinal arteries typically arise?
Vertebral arteries.
38
What are the vertebral arteries supported by along the length of the cord?
- Segmental medullary arteries | - Radicular arteries
39
What do spinal arteries come off in the neck?
Vertebral arteries.
40
What do spinal arteries come off in the thorax?
Posterior intercostal arteries.
41
What do spinal arteries come off in the abdomen?
Lumbar arteries.
42
What do spinal arteries come off in the pelvis?
Lateral sacral arteries.
43
What does white matter contain?
Tracts and axons. | -long myelinated pathways
44
What does grey matter contain?
Cell bodies of axons. | -unmyelinated
45
What sort of information does the dorsal grey horn contain?
Sensory.
46
What sort of information does the ventral grey horn contain?
Motor.
47
What originates at the lateral grey horn?
Autonomic nerves. - sympathetic and parasympathetic - T1-L2, S2-4
48
Where does the pudendal nerve originate?
Lateral grey horn at S2-4. | -but it's somatic (not autonomic)
49
What sort of information do spinal nerves carry?
Mixed. | -motor & sensory
50
What is the epineurium?
Protective outer sheath of connective tissue. | -formed from meningeal coverings surrounding spinal nerves
51
What happens to the amount of white matter present as you ascend the cord?
Increased white matter as you ascend the cord.
52
Where in the cord do ventral grey horns enlarge?
Cervical and Lumbosacral enlargements. | -motor fibres >> limbs
53
What is present on either side of the midline above T6?
2 dorsal columns on each side.
54
What are the 2 dorsal columns either side of the midline above T6 called?
- Gracile fascicle (MED) | - Cuneate fascicle (LAT)
55
What information does the cuneate fascicle contain?
Sensory information from the arms.
56
What information does the gracile fascicle contain?
Sensory information from the legs.
57
How many dorsal column pathways are present below T6?
One on either side of the midline.
58
What are laminae in the spinal cord?
Specific regions in grey matter with sensory/motor nuclei that give rise to certain nerves.
59
At which cord level is the phrenic nucleus?
C3-5.
60
Which lamina is the phrenic nucleus in?
IX.
61
Is the dorsal column ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral.
62
What is the function of the dorsal column?
- Joint position | - Vibration sense
63
Is the lateral corticospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral.
64
What is the function of the lateral coritcospinal tract?
Fine voluntary movement.
65
Is the ventral corticospinal tract ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
66
What is the function of the ventral corticospinal tract?
Fine voluntary movement.
67
Is the spinothalamic tract ipsilateral or contralateral?
Contralateral.
68
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
- Pain - Light touch - Temperature
69
What are the dorsal column, lateral&ventral corticospinal tract and spinothalamic tract?
Ascending and descending fibre tracts in the white matter.
70
Where does the spinal cord terminate at birth?
~L3.
71
Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
L1/L2.
72
What sort of information does the lateral grey horn contain?
Autonomic.
73
At what levels of the spinal cord can the lateral grey horn be seen in a cross section?
T1-L2 (sympathetic) | S2-S4 (parasympathetic)
74
What happens to the amount of white matter as you ascend the spinal cord?
The amount of white matter increases as you ascend the spinal cord.

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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