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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Workbook - Neuroradiology > Flashcards

Workbook - Neuroradiology Flashcards

1
Q

What direction are conventional CTs viewed from?

A

Below, with the patient looking up.

(^ = anterior, > = left,

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2
Q

What sort of images are CTs?

A

Axial images.

-not truly horizontal

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3
Q

What are the main differences between CT and MRI?

A

CT: - x-rays (radiation)

  • cost; medium
  • contraindications; pregnancy
  • best detail; bone

MRI: -magnetic fields (no radiation)

  • cost; high
  • contraindications; metal implants
  • best detail; soft tissue
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4
Q

When are CTs commonly used for in neuroimaging?

A

Stroke, tumour, head injury.

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5
Q

When are MRIs most useful?

A

Haemorrhage, ischaemia.

-pituitary gland & brainstem

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6
Q

What appears bright (AKA hyperdense) on CT?

A

Blood

Bone

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7
Q

What appears bright (AKA hyperdense) on T1 weighted MRI?

A

Fat
Protein
Melanin
Contrast

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8
Q

What appears bright (AKA hyperdense) on T2 weighted MRI?

A

Fluid

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9
Q

What appears dark (AKA hypodense) on CT?

A

Oedema
CSF
Chronic blood

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10
Q

What appears dark (AKA hypodense) on T1 weighted MRI?

A

Fluid

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11
Q

What appears dark (AKA hypodense) on T2 weighted MRI?

A

Fat

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12
Q

In what type of scan is bone very white?

A

CT scan.

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13
Q

Which regions of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  • Medial and upper frontal lobe

- Superior parietal lobe

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14
Q

Which regions of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A
  • Most of lateral surface (except upper parietal and frontal lobes, and inferior temporal)
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
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15
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Lateral inferior frontal lobe.

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16
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Lateral temporal lobe.

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17
Q

Which regions of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  • Inferior/medial temporal lobe

- Occipital lobe (midbrain & thalamus)

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18
Q

What is TACI?

A

Total Anterior Circulation Infarct.
-cerebral infarction that affects anterior circulation affecting one side of the brain
» motor and sensory defects, dysphasia, etc.

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19
Q

What is PACI?

A

Partial Anterior Circulation Infarct.
-cerebral infarction that affects part of anterior circulation affecting one side of the brain
» partial motor and sensory defects, dysphasia, etc

20
Q

What is POCI?

A

POsterior Circulation Infarct.
-cerebral infarction that affects posterior circulation affecting one side of the brain
» nerve palsy, bilateral motor and sensory defects, cerebellar dysfunction

21
Q

What is a lacunar stroke (LACI)?

A

Stroke due to occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries to the brain’s deep structures.

22
Q

What are the CT findings for a right-sided infarct? (2)

A
  • Loss of grey-white differentiation

- Oedema on right

23
Q

How will patients with right-sided infarct due to the middle cerebral artery present?

A
  • Expressive aphasia

- Contralateral weakness

24
Q

How does acute infarct appear on a CT?

A

Hyperdense / bright.

25
Q

How does subacute infarct appear on a CT?

A

Isodense / grey.

26
Q

How does chronic infarct appear on a CT?

A

Hypodense / dark.

27
Q

What type of scan should be used for imaging the posterior fossa?

A

MRI.

28
Q

What are the anatomical components of the basal ganglia? (3)

A
  • Corpus striatum (caudate & lentiform nuclei)
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalmic nucleus
29
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

-spontaneous / due to head injury

30
Q

What type of vessel is involved in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Circle of Willis artery.

31
Q

What is the distinctive symptom for a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

‘Thunderclap’ headache.

-nausea, photophobia, double vision

32
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding between dura mater and arachnoid mater.

33
Q

What type of vessel often causes a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Tearing in a small bridging vein.

e.g. due to head injury

34
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding between dura mater and the skull.

35
Q

What is a common cause of an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Trauma/skull fracture&raquo_space; torn meningeal artery (normally middle).

36
Q

What are the characteristics of an extradural haemorrhage scan?

A

Large lentiform bleed.

-lens shaped

37
Q

How is an extradural haemorrhage treated?

A

Burr hole&raquo_space; reduce ICP.

-medical emergency

38
Q

What is a contre-coup injury?

A

Impact to head&raquo_space; injury on opposite side of brain.

39
Q

What vessel is responsible for a right occipital infarct?

A

Posterior cerebral artery.

40
Q

Why might a patient with a right occipital infarct present with a left homonymous hemianopia?

A

Brain contains visual pathways to opposite side.

-damage&raquo_space; opposite visual field loss

41
Q

What are the distinguishing features of a haemorrhagic stroke? (3)

A
  • Bright blood
  • Mass effect
  • Blood vessel in brain burst
42
Q

What are the distinguishing features of an ischaemic stroke? (4)

A
  • Bright thrombus in vessel (blocks blood flow)
  • Loss of grey/white differentiation
  • Oedema (dark/hypodense)
  • Mass effect
43
Q

What causes a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Aneurysm burst or weakened vessel (leak) in the brain.

44
Q

What causes an ischaemic stroke?

A

Blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.

-e.g. due to atherosclerosis

45
Q

What is the most common type of stroke?

A

Ischaemic stroke.

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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