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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Auditory Pathway > Flashcards

Auditory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Which bone is the external acoustic meatus located within?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone.

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2
Q

Where is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

In between the sphenoid and occipital bones.

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3
Q

Which nerve passes through the external acoustic meatus?

A

Facial (VII) nerve.

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4
Q

Which nerve terminates in the external acoustic meatus?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve.

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5
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

Air.

-sound waves pass through

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6
Q

How does sounds travel through the middle ear?

A

Sound waves travel through air&raquo_space; mechanical energy (e.g. ossicles).

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7
Q

How does sound travel through the inner ear?

A

Mechanical energy&raquo_space; electrical energy (nerves).

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8
Q

What is the process of sound passing into the ear?

A 
Sounds waves
>> tympanic membrane
>> mechanical energy (ossicles)
>> movement of fluid (cochlear)
>> movement of hair cells
>> electrical energy (nerves)
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9
Q

How long is the external acoustic meatus?

A

2-3 cm.

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10
Q

What is another name for the auditory tube?

A

Eustachian tube.

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11
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Enable air to pass from nasopharynx to middle ear.

-maintains equilibrium either side of tympanic membrane (e.g. opens when you swallow)

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12
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

Auricle & external acoustic meatus.

-ends at tympanic membrane

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13
Q

Where is the middle ear?

A

Air-filled cavity between tympanic membrane and the cochlea.

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14
Q

What structure opens into the middle ear?

A

Auditory tube.

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15
Q

Which part of the ear contains the ossicles?

A

The middle ear.

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16
Q

Which 3 bones makes up the ossicles?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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17
Q

Why is the middle ear a high risk space for infections? (3)

A
  • Connected to nasopharynx
  • Traversed by chorda tympani and facial canal
  • Connected to mastoid air cells (may spread to mid cranial fossa)
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18
Q

Why is there a risk of thrombosis in the middle ear?

A

Internal jugular vein lies inferior.

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19
Q

Why is there a link to pulsatile tinnitus in the middle ear?

A

Internal carotid artery lies anterior.

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20
Q

What are the cavities of the petrous part of the temporal bone? (3)

A
  • Vestibule
  • Semicircular canal
  • Cochlea
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21
Q

Which part of the ear contains the cavities of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

The inner ear.

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22
Q

What do the cavities of the inner ear contain?

A

Perilymph.

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23
Q

What is the composition of perilymph?

A

Like extracellular fluid.

-high Na, low K

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24
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

A membranous sac running through the cochlea.

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25
Q

What does the cochlear duct contain?

A

Endolymph.

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26
Q

What is the composition of endolymph?

A

Like intracellular fluid.

-low Na, high K

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27
Q

What does the cochlea duct separate the cochlea into?

A

2 chambers;

  • scala vestibule
  • scala tympani
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28
Q

Which chamber is above the cochlear duct?

A

Scala vestibule.

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29
Q

Which chamber is below the cochlear duct?

A

Scala tympani.

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30
Q

Where are scala vestibule and scala tympani continuous?

A

Helicotrema.

-apex of the cochlea

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31
Q

What is the process of perilymph movement in the cochlea when sound is heard?

A 
Stapes vibrations on the oval window
>> hydraulic pressure in perilymph
>> pass through scala vestibule to helicotrema
>> scala tympani
>> round window
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32
Q

What is the round window?

A

Outlet at the end of the cochlea that allows fluid to move and distort the cochlear duct.

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33
Q

What forms the roof of the cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane.

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34
Q

What forms the floor of the cochlear duct?

A

Basement/basilar membrane.

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35
Q

What is the effect of perilymph movement on the cochlear duct?

A

Perilymph presses on vestibular membrane
» distorts endolymph
» presses on basilar membrane

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36
Q

What is the auditory receptor?

A

Spiral organ of Corti.

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37
Q

Where is the spiral organ of corti located?

A

On the basilar membrane.

38
Q

What does the spiral organ contain?

A

Hair cells embedded into the tectorial membrane.

39
Q

What is the spiral organ stimulated by?

A

Deformation of the cochlear duct by surrounding perilymph.

40
Q

How does hair cell stimulation lead to an electrical signal?

A 
Hair cell movement
>> ion channels open
>> influx of ions
>> depolarisation
>> axon fired
>> runs through cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve
41
Q

Where are 1* auditory fibres?

A

Axons and cell bodies are located in the spiral ganglion.

|&raquo_space; form cochlear nerve

42
Q

Where do 1* auditory fibres enter the brainstem?

A

At the cerebellopontine angle.

43
Q

Where do 1* auditory fibres synapse with 2* neruons?

A

In dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.

44
Q

What are auditory centres?

A

Regions in the brainstem that auditory information moves into.

45
Q

What are 2 features of the auditory pathway?

A
  • Polysynaptic (lots of nuclei)

- Bilateral (receives inputs at different loudness/timing from each each)

46
Q

What is the advantage of the auditory pathway being bilateral?

A

Sound can be localised.

-know where it’s coming from

47
Q

Name 4 auditory centres in the brainstem.

A
  • Medial geniculate nucelus (thalamus)
  • Inferior colliculus
  • Superior olivary nucleus
  • Cochlear nuclei
48
Q

What is the inferior colliculus involved with?

A

Sight and hearing.

49
Q

What is the pathway of ascending auditory information from the cochlea to the cerebral cortex?

A 
Cochlea
>> spiral ganglion
>> cochlear nuclei
>> sup olivary nuclei
>> inferior colliculi
>> medial geniculate nuclei
>> Heschl's gyrus
50
Q

Where is Heschl’s gyrus?

A

Superior gyrus of temporal lobe.

-in the cerebral cortex

51
Q

Where does information cross over the midline?

A
  • Trapezoid body

- Inferior colliculi (midbrain)

52
Q

What does bilateral mean?

A

Both sides receive information from both ears.

53
Q

What does tonotopic mean?

A

Different regions respond maximally to sounds of different pitches.

54
Q

Which area of the auditory pathway is tonotopic?

A

Basilar membrane.

-hair cells respond to different pitches

55
Q

What pitch of sound does the proximal basilar membrane respond to?

A

High pitch.

-more stiff

56
Q

Where does high pitch sound project?

A

From proximal basilar membrane to deep Heschl’s gyrus.

57
Q

What pitch of sound does the distal (apex) basilar membrane respond to?

A

Low pitch.

-less stiff

58
Q

Where does low pitch sound project?

A

From the apex of the basilar membrane to ant/lat Heschl’s gyrus.

59
Q

What is the function of the association area?

A

Integrates information from different sensory receptors and relates them to memory.

60
Q

Where are the 1* auditory cortex located?

A

Heschl’s gyrus.

61
Q

Where are the 2* auditory areas located?

A

In the left hemisphere.

62
Q

What are the 2* auditory areas? (2)

A
  • Broca’s area

- Wernicke’s area

63
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe.

64
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor/production of words.

65
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area lead to?

A

Expressive (non-fluent) aphasia.

-halted, fragmented speech

66
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal lobe.

67
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Sensory/understanding of words.

68
Q

What does damage to Wernicke’s area lead to?

A

Receptive (fluent) aphasia.

-fluent speech but nonsense/difficult understanding

69
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Impaired ability to understand/produce speech.

70
Q

Which artery supplies Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Middle cerebral artery.

71
Q

What are the descending auditory pathway comprised of?

A

Motor information passing down.

72
Q

What is the pathway of descending motor information from the cerebral cortex to the cochlea?

A 
Heschl's gyrus
>>med geniculate nucleus
>> inferior colliculus
>> suuperior olivary nucleus
>> cochlear nuclei
>> cochlea
73
Q

Where does some information go from the inferior colliculus in the descending auditory pathway?

A

Cranial nerves III and VI.

-reflex head and eye movements

74
Q

Where does some information so from the superior olivary nucleus in the descending auditory pathway?

A

To stapedius (via CN VII) and tensor tympani (via CN V3).

75
Q

What is stapedius?

A

A muscle attached to stapes.

76
Q

What is tensor tympani?

A

A muscle that causes tension in the tympanic membrane.

77
Q

What is the function of stapedius and tensor tympani?

A

Dampen down sound to prevent damage to hair cells.

78
Q

What is the effect of a unilateral lesion?

A

Virtually no effect on hearing (pathway is bilateral).

-ability to localised sound may be impaired

79
Q

What must be affected if a patient is deaf?

A

Peripheral part of auditory pathway (up to brainstem).

80
Q

What are the 2 types of deafness?

A
  • Conductive deafness

- Sensorineural deafness

81
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

Defect of sound transmission up to spiral ganglion.

82
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Defect in function of spiral ganglion or cochlear nerve.

83
Q

What does Rinne’s test compare?

A

Air conduction and bone conduction.

84
Q

How is air conduction tested in Rinne’s test?

A

Tuning fork at external acoustic meatus
» increased amplification
»ossicle/tympanic membrane
» cochlea

85
Q

How is bone conduction tested in Rinne’s test?

A

Tuning fork on mastoid process
» little amplification
» cochlea

86
Q

When is sound loudest in Rinne’s test if a patient has conductive hearing loss?

A

Bone conduction is louder.

-no note observed at external acoustic meatus

87
Q

When is sound loudest in Rinne’s test if a patient has sensorineural deafness?

A

Air conduction is louder.

-both air and bone conduction are reduced equally

88
Q

What is Weber’s test?

A

Tuning fork on midline of forehead.

|&raquo_space; vibration to cochlea

89
Q

What is activated in Weber’s test?

A

Spiral organ (without tympanic membrane/ossicle involvement).

90
Q

What is Weber’s test used to test for?

A

Unilateral hearing loss.

  • sound heard louder in damaged ear if conductive loss (not inhibited by auditory masking)
  • sound heard louder in normal ear if sensorineural loss (needs to be amplified)

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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