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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Workbook - Eye and ear > Flashcards

Workbook - Eye and ear Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the optic nerve and optic disc located?

A

In the posterior aspect of the eye.

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2
Q

What is the area anterior to the lens called?

A

The anterior chamber.

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3
Q

What occupies the anterior chamber?

A 
Aqueous humor (fluid).
-enters from the posterior chamber through the pupil
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4
Q

Where is aqueous humor absorbed from the anterior chamber?

A

Into the scleral venous sinus.

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5
Q

What structures does light pass through before reaching retinal photoreceptors? (6)

A 
Cornea 
>> anterior chamber (aqueous humor)
>> pupil
>> lens
>> posterior chamber (aqueous humor)
>> retina
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6
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Epithelium over exposed sclera and inner eyelids.

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7
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

Lubricates eye.

-produces mucous and tears

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8
Q

What is the function of the sclera (white of the eye)?

A
  • Protective covering (contains collagen and elastin)

- Muscular attachments (extraocular muscles)

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9
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A
  • Controls the size of the pupil (autonomic control)

- Divides ant/post compartments

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10
Q

Which muscles control the size of the pupil? (2)

A
  • Sphincter pupillae (contraction constricts pupil)

- Dilator pupillae (contraction dilates pupil)

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11
Q

What is the circular muscle of the iris?

A

Sphincter pupillae.

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12
Q

What is the radial muscle of the iris?

A

Dilator pupillae.

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13
Q

What is the nerve supply to the sphincter pupillae?

A

Occulomotor (III) nerve.

-parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is the nerve supply to dilator pupillae?

A

Superior cervical ganglion (T1).

-sympathetic

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply to the ciliary muscle in the ciliary body?

A

Occulomotor (III) nerve .

-parasympathetic

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16
Q

What effect does contraction of the ciliary body have upon the lens?

A

Contraction causes the lens to become more convex.

-improves focus of closer objects

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17
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens.

-clumps of protein/pigment

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18
Q

What are the main functions of the ciliary body? (2)

A
  • Muscles control the shape of the lens

- Produces aqueous humor (» ant compartment)

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19
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

Helps to maintain the shape of the cornea.

|&raquo_space; refractive properties of the eye

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20
Q

What is the route of aqueous humor before being reabsorbed into the blood stream?

A 
Cilary body
>> post chamber
>> ant chamber
>> trabecular meshwork
>> scleral venous canal
>> episcleral veins
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21
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Build up of pressure in eyes leading to decreased vision.

-can damage optic nerve

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22
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Problems with drainage of aqueous humor.

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23
Q

What are the main functions of the choroid layer of the eyeball? (4)

A
  • Nourishes outer laters of retina (v. vascular)
  • Regulates retinal heat
  • Controls intraocular pressure
  • Contains dark pigment&raquo_space; absorbs light
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24
Q

What lines most of the posterior compartment of the eye?

A

Retina.

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25
Q

What structures does the retina contain?

A
  • Photoreceptors

- 1st and 2nd order neurons

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26
Q

What are the layers of the retina? (2)

A
  • Outer pigment cell layer

- Multi layered neural retina

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27
Q

What is the outer pigment layer of the retina composed of?

A

Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells with melanin filled microvilli.

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28
Q

List 4 functional differences between rod and cone cells.

A

ROD CELLS

  • responds to dim light, insensitive to colour
  • 20x more numerous
  • predominantly in peripheral parts
  • multiple served by 1 bipolar neuron

CONE CELLS

  • colour vision (high visual acuity)
  • less numerous
  • more abundant centrally (fovea)
  • each has its own bipolar neuron
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29
Q

What type of visual cell has high visual acuity and is responsible for colour vision; rod cell or cone cell?

A

Cone cell.

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30
Q

Which type of visual cell is more numerous; rod cell or cone cell?

A

Rod cell.

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31
Q

Which type of visual cell is more abundant centrally (fovea); rod cell or cone cell?

A

Cone cell.

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32
Q

Which type of visual cell is located predominantly in the peripheral parts of the eye; rod cell or cone cell?

A

Rod cell.

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33
Q

Which type of visual cell has its own bipolar neuron; rod cell or cone cell?

A

Cone cell.

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34
Q

Where do the axons of the retinal ganglion cells run?

A

Over the inner surface of the retina.

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35
Q

Where do the axons of retinal ganglion cells converge?

A

On the optic disc/optic papilla.

|&raquo_space; turn outwards to form the optic nerve

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36
Q

Why is the optic papilla a blind spot on the retina?

A

It contains no photoreceptors.

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37
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Optic disc swelling due to increased ICP.

-usually bilateral

38
Q

How does papilloedema arise?

A

Increased ICP due to tumour/trauma/haemorrhage
» increased pressure in subarachnoid space surrounding optic nerve
» swelling and protrusion

39
Q

What are other causes of optic disc swelling?

A

UNILATERAL - optic neuritis, ischaemic optic neuropathy

BILATERAL - malignant hypertension, toxic otic neuropathy

40
Q

What is lateral to the optic disc?

A

Macula lutea.

-yellow pigmented zone

41
Q

What is the specialised region in the centre of the macula lutea called, and what occurs here?

A

Fovea.

-the point on the retina where the image of the object at the centre of the visual axis falls

42
Q

How is the fovea specialised for visual acuity?

A
  • Lots of cone cells, few rod cells

- Retinal avascular zone (no dispersion of light)

43
Q

What are the main blood supplies to the retinal cells? (2)

A
  • Central retinal artery
  • Choroidal blood vessels

(Radiate from optic nerve)

44
Q

What is a detached retina, and why must it be repaired rapidly?

A

Retina detaches from underlying choroid tissue.

-faster repair&raquo_space; less likely to lose vision

45
Q

What structures do sound waves pass through before reaching the auditory receptors?

A 
External acoustic meatus
>> tympanic membrane
>> ossicles 
>> oval window vibrates
>> moves fluid in cochlea
>> moves cochlea duct fluid
>> basilar membrane vibrates
>> stimulates receptor cells
>> cochlear part of vestibulocochlear nerve
46
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

Sound waves cause the membrane to vibrate&raquo_space; transmits vibrations to the ossicles and middle ear.

47
Q

What bones make up the ossicles? (3)

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
48
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window&raquo_space; cochlea.

49
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

-maintains pressure in the middle ear and clears mucus

50
Q

What is the oval window?

A

Membrane at start of cochlea. Contacted by stapes&raquo_space; sound to inner ear.

51
Q

What is the round window?

A

Membrane at the end of the cochlea.

-allows movement of perilymph in cochlea when the stapes hits the oval window

52
Q

Where is ear wax produced?

A

By skin in the external auditory canal.

53
Q

What is wax composed of?

A

Dead skin cells, hair and sebaceous gland secretions.

54
Q

How does wax travel along the ear canal?

A

Epithelial migration aided by jaw movements.

55
Q

How is the tympanic membrane viewed clinically?

A

Using an otoscope.

56
Q

What is the chorda tympani a branch of?

A

Facial nerve.

57
Q

What is the function of the chorda tympani?

A

Taste from ant 2/3 of tongue and PS to salivary glands.

58
Q

What type of epithelium lines the middle ear?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

59
Q

What opening connects the middle ear to the mastoid air cells posteriorly?

A

Aditus.

60
Q

Why is facial nerve damage a potential complication of middle ear infection?

A

Chorda tympani passes through temporal bone.

-infection can&raquo_space; compression

61
Q

What is the function of tensor tympani?

A

Contraction pulls the handle of malleus medially&raquo_space; dampens down sound.

62
Q

What is the nerve supply to tensor tympani?

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3).

63
Q

What is the function of stapedius?

A

Contraction pulls stapes posteriorly&raquo_space; prevents excessive vibrations.

64
Q

What is the nerve supply to stapedius?

A

Branch of the facial (VII) nerve.

65
Q

What is another name for the inner ear?

A

Bony labyrinth.

66
Q

Where is the inner ear located?

A

In the petrous part of the temporal bone.

67
Q

What fluid does the cochlea contain?

A

Perilymph.

68
Q

What fluid does the cochlear duct contain?

A

Endolymph.

69
Q

What are the types of receptor in the walls of the membranous labyrinth? (3)

A
  • Maculae
  • Christae ampullaris
  • Spiral organ (of Corti)
70
Q

What type of receptor are maculae and christae ampullaris?

A

Vestibular receptors.

71
Q

What type of receptor is the spiral organ of Corti?

A

Auditory receptor.

72
Q

In which regions of the membranous labyrinth are the maculae located?

A

In the vestibule - utricle and saccule.

73
Q

What type of sensory information are the maculae concerned with?

A

Static position of the head and balance.

74
Q

In which regions of the membranous labyrinth are the christae ampullaris located?

A

Ampulla (semicircular ducts).

75
Q

What type of sensory information are the christae ampullaris concerned with?

A

Changes in direction and rate of movement of the head.

-balance, position, equilibrium

76
Q

What are the structural similarities between the maculae and christae ampullaris? (3)

A
  • Hair cells of same morphological type (I & II)
  • Hair cells have numerous seterocilia
  • Hair cells are supported by a single layer of columnar cells
77
Q

In which nerve do the 1* sensory axons associated with the maculae and christae ampullaris run?

A

Vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve.

78
Q

What can damage to the peripheral vestibular system lead to?

A
  • Nyastagmus

- Vertigo

79
Q

What is nyastagmus?

A

Rapid involuntary eye movements.

80
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Dizziness and perception of motion.

81
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

The part of the membranous labyrinth in the bony cochlea (part of the bony labyrinth).

82
Q

Where is the spiral organ of Corti located?

A

In the wall of the cochlear duct.

83
Q

How many times does the cochlea duct spiral round?

A

2.5 times.

84
Q

What does the central region of the cochlea enclose?

A

The spiral ganglion.

-composed of cell bodies of 1* auditory neurons

85
Q

What does vibration of the basilar membrane cause?

A

Causes hair cells to be deformed against the tectorial membrane&raquo_space; depolarisation of sensory hair cells and generates an action potential in sensory nerve fibres.

86
Q

Which region of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally in response to high frequency sound?

A

Base (proximal, near oval window).

87
Q

Which region of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally in response to low frequency sound?

A

Apex (near helicotrema).

88
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory fibres that contact the hair cells?

A

Spiral ganglia.

89
Q

Which cranial nerve do 1* sensory fibres stimulated by the basilar membrane join?

A

Cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

90
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brainstem?

A

Internal acoustic meatus.

91
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Sound cannot pass freely to the inner ear.

92
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Damage to hair cells in cochlea.

-irreversible

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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