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Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 > Ascending Sensory Pathways 2 > Flashcards

Ascending Sensory Pathways 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many branches of the trigeminal (V) nerve are there?

A

Three.

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2
Q

What is branch V1 of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Opthalmic.

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3
Q

What is branch V2 of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Maxillary.

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4
Q

What is branch V3 of the trigeminal nerve called?

A

Mandibular.

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5
Q

Where does the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A

Superior occipital fissure.

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6
Q

Where does the maxillary branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A

Foramen rotundum.

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7
Q

Where does the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A

Foramen ovale.

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8
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the upper teeth, and through what nerve?

A

Maxillary (V2) branch.

-superior alveolar nerve

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9
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the lower teeth, and through what nerve?

A

Mandibular (V3) branch.

-inferior alveolar nerve

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10
Q

Which regions of the face does the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

Forehead
Scalp
Upper eyelid

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11
Q

Which regions of the face does the maxillary branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A 
Lower eyelid
Cheeks
Nasal cavity
Upper lip and teeth
(+ PS to lacrimal and nasal glands)
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12
Q

Which regions of the face does the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve supply?

A 
Lower lip and teeth
Chin
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
External ear
(+ motor to muscle of mastication, and PS to parotid + submandibular glands)
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13
Q

What does the herpes zoster virus do after someone has recovered from chicken pox?

A

Resides in sensory roots of specific spinal nerves (e.g. trigeminal). Reactivation&raquo_space; shingles.

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14
Q

How are the blisters distributed in shingles?

A

Over the dermatome of the affected spinal nerve(s).

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15
Q

What are the 2 group of somaesthetic modalities?

A
  • Modalities that are essential to survive

- Modalities that increase detail

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16
Q

What are modalities that are essential to survive?

A

Pain, temperature, some touch, pressure.

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17
Q

What are modalities that increase detail?

A
  • Discriminative touch (2-point, vibration)

- Proprioception

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18
Q

What carries information from receptor to the sensory cortex in the body and face?

A

A 3 neuron chain (1, 2, 3*).

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19
Q

Where do 1* neurons carry information, and where are there cells bodies located?

A

From PNS to the CNS.

-cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

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20
Q

Where do 2* neurons carry information?

A

Axons cross the midline and extend to the thalamus.

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21
Q

Where do 3* neurons carry information?

A

From the thalamus to the post-central gyrus.

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22
Q

Where are cranial nerve nuclei located?

A

Within the brainstem.

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23
Q

Where sensory cranial nerve nuclei receive information from?

A

Fibres entering the brainstem in cranial nerves.

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24
Q

What do motor cranial nerve nuclei give rise to?

A

Motor fibres that leave the brainstem in cranial nerves.

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25
Q

What is the equivalent of the sensory cranial nerve nuclei in the body?

A

Dorsal grey horn.

-receives 1* sensory neurons, and contains cell bodies and synapses

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26
Q

What is the equivalent of the motor cranial nerve nuclei in the body?

A

Ventral grey horn.

-contains motor fibres

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27
Q

Which cranial nerves is general sensation from the head carried in? (4)

A
  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Facial (VII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • Vagus (X)
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28
Q

Which pathway does information from cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X travel in
(general sensation from head)?

A

TRIGEMINAL SENSORY PATHWAY.

-trigeminal nucleus&raquo_space; thalamus&raquo_space; post-central gyrus

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29
Q

Which cranial nerve is the major carrier of sensory information from the face, nose, scalp and dura?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V).

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30
Q

Which cranial nerve is the major carrier of sensory information from the external ear?

A

Facial nerve (VII).

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31
Q

Which cranial nerve is the major carrier of sensory information from the post 1/3 tongue, pharynx and middle ear?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

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32
Q

Which cranial nerve is the major carrier of sensory information from the auditory canal, larynx, pharynx and oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerve (X).

33
Q

How many parts is the sensory trigeminal nucleus composed of?

A

Three.

-based on brainstem location

34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sensory trigeminal nucleus?

A
  • Mesecephalic (rostral)
  • Principal/pontine (mid)
  • Spinal (caudal)
35
Q

Where does the motor nuclei of the trigeminal lie in relation to the sensory nuclei?

A

The motor nuclei lies medial to the sensory nuclei.

36
Q

What type of information does the mesencephalic part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus receive?

A

Proprioception from the face.

37
Q

What type of information does the principal part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus receive?

A

Discriminative touch and proprioception.

38
Q

Which nerves pass into the principal part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A
  • Trigeminal (V)

- Facial (VII)

39
Q

What type of information does the spinal part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus receive?

A

Pain and temperature&raquo_space; caudal.

Touch and pressure&raquo_space; rostral.

40
Q

Which nerves pass into the spinal part of the trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A

All four (V, VII, IX, X).

41
Q

Where do 1* neuron cell bodies reside from cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X?

A

Trigeminal ganglion.

-equivalent of DRG (body)

42
Q

Where do 1* neurons in the pain and temperature pathway go after entering the brainstem?

A

Descend in spinal tract of trigeminal (lat to spinal nucleus)&raquo_space; caudal pole of spinal part of trigeminal nucleus.

43
Q

Are the 1* neurons of the pain and temperature pathway deep or superficial?

A

Very superficial - on outer edge of medulla.

44
Q

How do the 2* neurons of the pain and temperature pathway travel to the thalamus?

A

Cross the midline and ascend in the trigeminothalamic tract.

45
Q

Summarise how sensory information travels along the pain and temperature pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucleus.

A

1* neuron (cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion)
» brainstem
» fibres run caudally in spinal tract of trigeminal
» enters nucleus at caudal pole
» synapses with 2* neuron
» crosses the midline and ascends in trigeminothalamic tract
» thalamus (VPM)
» synapses with 3* neuron
» post-central gyrus

46
Q

How does the touch and pressure pathway differ from the pain and temperature pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucelus?

A

In the touch and press pathway;

  • 1* neurons don’t descend as far in the spinal tract
  • synapses with 2* neurons more rostrally in spinal nucleus
47
Q

What are the similarities between the tough and pressure pathway and the pain and temperature pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucelus?

A
  • 1* neuron cell bodies are in trigeminal ganglion
  • both descend in spinal tract after entering brainstem
  • both 1* neurons enter and synapse in spinal nuceus
  • both 2* neurons ascend to the thalamus in trigeminothalamic tract
  • both&raquo_space; VPM (thalamus)
48
Q

Summarise how sensory information travels along the touch and pressure pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucleus.

A

1* neuron (cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion)
» brainstem
» fibres run caudally in spinal tract of trigeminal (not as far as pain and temperature fibres)
» enters nucleus at rostral spinal pole
» synapses with 2* neuron
» crosses the midline and ascends in trigeminothalamic tract
» thalamus (VPM)
» synapses with 3* neuron
» post-central gyrus

49
Q

At the level of the medulla oblongata, where is the spinal tract of trigeminal located?

A

Very medially/superficial.

50
Q

At the level of the medulla oblongata, what is immediately medial to the spinal tract of trigeminal?

A

Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal.

-descending fibres

51
Q

What sort of information does the spinothalamic tract contain?

A

Contralateral sensory information from the body.

52
Q

What sort of information does the trigeminothalamic tract contain?

A

Contralateral sensory information from the face/neck.

53
Q

At the level of the medulla oblongata, which is more medial; the spinothalamic tract or the trigeminothalamic tract?

A

Trigeminothalamic tract in more medial and dorsal.

54
Q

Why is the dorsal column pathway not generally affected by a lesion at the medulla?

A

Dorsal column pathway runs in medial meniscus – not generally affected unless very large lesion.

55
Q

Which artery runs lateral to the medulla?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery.

-enlargement&raquo_space; lesion

56
Q

What effect would a right-sided lesion affecting the lateral medulla have on sensation from the face?

A

Right (ipsilateral).

  • damage to spinal tract/nucleus of trigeminal
  • loss of pain, temperature, touch, pressure
57
Q

What effect would a right-sided lesion affecting the lateral medulla have on sensation from the body?

A

Left (contralateral).

  • damage to spinothalamic tract (DCP more medial)
  • loss of pain, temperature, touch, pressure
58
Q

Where does discriminative touch enter the trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A

Principal/pontine nucleus.

AKA chief sensory

59
Q

Where does proprioception enter the trigeminal sensory nucleus?

A

Mesecephalic nucleus.

60
Q

Which pathway is an exception to the generalisation

that first order cell bodies are in peripheral ganglia?

A

Mesecephalic nucleus of trigeminal pathway.

61
Q

Where do 1* neurons of the discriminatory touch pathway go after entering the brainstem?

A

Straight into the principal nucleus.

-don’t ascend/descend

62
Q

Where do 1* neurons of the discriminatory touch pathway synapse?

A

In the pontine nucleus of the trigeminal pathway.

63
Q

How do the 2* neurons of the discriminatory touch pathway travel to the thalamus?

A

They cross the midline and ascend in the trigeminothalamic tract.

64
Q

Summarise how sensory information travels along the discriminatory touch pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucleus.

A 
1* neuron (cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion) 
>> brainstem
>> immediately enters principal  nucleus
>> synapses with 2* neuron
>> crosses the midline and ascends in trigeminothalamic tract
>> thalamus (VPM)
>> synapses with 3* neuron
>> post-central gyrus
65
Q

What are the similarities between the touch and pressure pathway, the pain and temperature pathway, and the discriminatory touch pathway in the trigeminal sensory nucelus?

A
  • 1* neuron cell bodies are in trigeminal ganglion
  • 2* neurons ascend to the thalamus in trigeminothalamic tract
  • all&raquo_space; VPM (thalamus)
66
Q

How does the discriminatory touch pathway differ from the touch and pressure pathway and the pain and temperature pathway in the trigeminal sensory pathway?

A
  • doesn’t descend in spinal tract after entering brainstem (ENTERS PRINCIPAL NUCLEUS IMMEDIATELY)
  • doesn’t synapse in spinal nucleus (PRINCIPAL NUCLEUS)
67
Q

What sort of fibres do the tough and pressure pathway and the pain and temperature pathway contain?

A

Thin, slow fibres.

68
Q

What sort of fibres does the discriminatory touch pathway contain?

A

Fat, fast, myelinated fibres.

69
Q

Which nerve do most axons of the proprioception pathway travel in?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

70
Q

Where is the cell body of the 1* neuron of the proprioception pathway?

A

In the mesencephalic nucleus.

71
Q

Where do 1* neurons of the proprioception pathway synapse?

A

Adjacent to the mesencephalic nucleus (NOT in it).

72
Q

What do the 1* neurons of the proprioception pathway synapse with? (2)

A
  • Some synapse with 2* neurons and ascend to thalamus in trigeminothalamic tract (same as other pathways)
  • Some synapse with motor neurons in the trigeninal motor nucleus and&raquo_space; muscles of mastication
73
Q

How can the motor branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve be tested?

A

Jaw jerk reflex.

74
Q

Which nucleus do 1* neurons of the pain and temperature pathway enter and synapse in?

A

Caudal spinal nucleus.

75
Q

Which nucleus do 1* neurons of the simple touch and pressure pathway enter and synapse in?

A

Rostal spinal nucleus.

76
Q

Which nucleus do 1* neurons of the discriminative touch pathway enter and synapse in?

A

Pontine/principal nucleus.

77
Q

Which nucleus do 1* neurons of the proprioception pathway enter?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus.

-NB. don’t synapse in it

78
Q

Where are 1* cell bodies of the trigeminal pathway located?

A

In trigeminal ganglia (PNS).

-except for proprioception fibres which are in mesecephalic nucleus.

Yr2 Control - Term 2 and 3 (17 decks)

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