Workbook Quizzes Flashcards
A restriction is:
A) The same as a subluxation
B) A loss of range of motion with the articular contact disrupted
C) Covers several motion segments
D) A loss of range of motion with the joint surfaces still in contact
D) A loss of range of motion with the joint surfaces still in contact
Restrictions are diagnosed by _________.
Motion palpation
T/F: Restrictions involve only bone and cartilage.
False
The paraphysiologic range of motion is:
A) Very large
B) Between the active and passive range
C) Small and just before the anatomical limits
C) Small and just before the anatomical limits
A correct manipulation:
A) uses a high amplitude low velocity thrust
B) Needs strength to be effective
C) Takes place within the passive range of motion
D) Needs speed and specificity
D) Needs speed and specificity
The listing includes:
A) The segment or joint and the reference point
B) The reference point, signalment and direction
C) The segment, reference point and direction
D) Reference point, the set-up and the primary complaint
C) The segment, reference point and direction
Cartilage is affected by restriction due to:
A) Lack of imbibition
B) Increased imbibition
C) Change in weight bearing causing increased pressure
D) Increased circulation
A) Lack of imbibition
T/F: Adhesions form within the joint after a few days of immobilization.
True
Joints adjacent to a restricted joint:
A) Become restricted
B) Are not affected
C) Are restricted in the opposite direction
D) Become hypermobile
D) Become hypermobile
T/F: When the muscular part of the musculotendonious unit is in spasm it aids tendon function.
False
How is the nervous system affected by restrictions? Choose all that apply
A) Direct pain
B) It can sever the nerve fiber
C) Decrease inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
D) Indirect pain
E) Decreases frequency of firing to the cortex
F) Increases frequency of firing to the cortex
G) Interferes with peripheral nerve function
A) Direct pain
C) Decrease inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
D) Indirect pain
E) Decreases frequency of firing to the cortex
G) Interferes with peripheral nerve function
What is the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and movement?
A) Movement stimulates Ia afferent fibers, which help to inhibit the sympathetics
B) Sympathetic stimulation inhibits movement
C) Movement and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate each other
D) Sympathetic nervous system and movement inhibit each other
A) Movement stimulates Ia afferent fibers, which help to inhibit the sympathetics
T/F: Movement is necessary for a healthy cortex.
True
T/F: A restriction cannot affect peripheral nerve function.
False
How do restrictions affect the FOF?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No affect
B) Decrease
What four things do neurons need to be healthy?
1) Stimulation (FOF)
2) Oxygen
3) Glucose
4) Neurotrophic factors
How does movement affect FOF?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No affect
A) Increase
Exercise is important to the nervous system because it provides: (choose all that apply)
A) Oxygen B) Lactate C) FOF D) Glucose E) CO2
A) Oxygen
C) FOF
D) Glucose
Commonly used Dr. contact points include (choose all that apply):
A) Calcaneal B) Elbow C) Pisiform D) Metacarpals E) V-trough
A) Calcaneal
C) Pisiform
E) V-trough
T/F: The only important parts of the set-up are the patient contact point and the line of drive.
False
The HVLA thrust uses:
A) Pectoral and triceps muscles
B) Biceps and latissimus dorsi muscles
C) Quadriceps and epaxial muscles
A) Pectoral and triceps muscles
The best way to lower your episternal notch is to:
A) Bend at the waist
B) Round your back
C) Use a fencer’s stance
C) Use a fencer’s stance
Which type of manipulation is safer for the patient, long lever or short lever?
Short lever
T/F: Because a long lever contact point is farther from the joint we are adjusting, we need to use a strong HVLA.
False
(Choose all that apply) For an effective HVLA we should:
A) Engage our core muscles
B) Bring the joint to tension, then pull our hands back to get a running start at the HVLA
C) Extend our wrists as much as possible
D) Be specific in both the Dr. contact point and the patient contact point
E) Use our body weight to help with the HVLA because horses are big animals and we need strength to adjust them
F) Use just a quick twitch of our triceps and pectoral muscles to create the HVLA
G) A good manipulation is slow to allow the nervous system time to respond
H) Our shoulders should be lower than our hands
I) The correct line of drive is in the plane of the joint
A) Engage our core muscles
D) Be specific in both the Dr. contact point and the patient contact point
F) Use just a quick twitch of our triceps and pectoral muscles to create the HVLA
I) The correct line of drive is in the plane of the joint
A patient with ataxia is presented to you for spinal manipulation. You should:
A) Motion palpate all joints and adjust any restrictions found
B) Do a neurologic exam
C) Adjust everything except the neck
D) Recommend a neurologic exam and if the client declines then go ahead and adjust the patient
B) Do a neurologic exam
T/F: Patients with severe degenerative joint disease or arthritis should never be adjusted.
False
A patient has hyper mobility at C3-C4. Should you manipulate this joint?
No
A patient has hyper mobility at C3-C4. Where would you expect to find a restriction in this patient?
A) C0-C1
B) C4-C5
C) C5-C6
D) C6-C7
B) C4-C5
A dog presents with a history of falling 3 days prior and since then he is very painful, won’t bend his neck and stumbles. What is your main concern?
Rule out fracture
The autonomic nervous system (choose all that apply):
A) Reacts to stress B) Stimulates alpha motor neurons C) Maintains homeostasis D) Is involved with TND (transneuronal degeneration) E) Carries only sensory information
A) Reacts to stress
C) Maintains homeostasis
D) Is involved with TND
Alpha motor neurons:
A) Are large and unmyelinated
B) Are small and unmyelinated
C) Are large and myelinated
C) Are large and myelinated
Signs of TND include (choose all that apply)
A) Panting
B) Pawing
C) Yawning
D) Piloerection
A) Panting
C) Yawning
D) Piloerection
When a patient shows signs of TND you should:
A) Continue–TND is a sign that your manipulations are working
B) Stop treatment for the day
B) Stop treatment for the day
Which cranial nerves are tested with the Doll’s eye?
3, 4, 6, 8
Which cranial nerves are tested with the blink reflex?
5, 7
Which cranial nerves are motor and can be tested by observing muscle mass, tone, or function?
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
What are the cranial nerves/corresponding numbers?
1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal
Which motion decreases the diameter of the spinal canal and the IVF?
Extension
What are the borders of the IVF?
Facets Bodies Pedicles Ligamentum flavum Disc
Contents of the IVF include (choose all that apply):
A) Dorsal root ganglion B) Spinal nerve C) Blood vessels D) Muscle E) Lymphatics F) Muscle spindle cells
A) Dorsal root ganglion
B) Spinal nerve
C) Blood vessels
E) Lymphatics
What are three reasons that walking a patient with the head elevated changes the gait, even in normal patients?
1) Decreases the diameter of the canal/IVF (extension)
2) Alter visual inputs
3) Alter vestibular inputs
Which motor neurons are larger, alpha or gamma?
Alpha
Which motor neurons go to the extrafusal fibers?
Alpha
Muscle spindle cells monitor:
A) Electrolyte balance within the muscle
B) Muscle stretch
C) Muscle contraction
D) Muscle pH
B) Muscle stretch
Which type of motor neuron innervates the muscle spindle cell?
A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Gamma
D) Ia
C) Gamma
Our manipulations should stimulate:
A) Extrafusal muscle fibers
B) GTO
C) MSC
D) Nociceptors
B) GTO
Which mechanoreceptors inhibit or cause relaxation to the muscle that they are in?
A) Muscle spindle cells
B) Golgi tendon organs
B) Golgi tendon organs
Interneurons are usually _______.
A) Inhibitory
B) Excitatory
C) Are not used in motor pathways
D) Are not used in sensory pathways
A) Inhibitory
Why do we need to bring the joint to tension before the HVLA?
Stimulate the GTOs to cause muscle relaxation
One GTO monitors tension/contraction of:
A) All the extrafusal fibers
B) Approximately half the extrafusal fibers
C) Approximately 30% of the exxtrafusal fibers
D) Approximately 10-20 extrafusal fibers
D) Approximately 10-20 extrafusal fibers
What do GTOs monitor?
A) Gamma neurons
B) Stretch
C) Ib neurons
D) Tension/contraction
D) Tension/contraction
Where are the MSs located?
Muscle belly inside fusiform shaped capsule
What do muscle spindles monitor?
A) Gamma neurons
B) Stretch
C) Ia neurons
D) Tension/contraction
B) Stretch
How many neurons are in between the Ia afferent neuron and the alpha motor neuron?
Zero
The Ia afferent neuron goes to (choose all that apply):
A) The same muscle
B) Synergistic muscles
C) Antagonistic muscles
D) Gamma motor neurons
A) The same muscle
B) Synergistic muscles
C) Antagonistic muscles
D) Gamma motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons regulate:
A) Contraction of extrafusal fibers
B) MS size
C) Muscle mass
D) MS sensitivity
D) MS sensitivity
It is desirable to have _______ gamma gain.
High
Why is it important to keep the intrafusal fibers taut?
A) To improve blood flow
B) So it is sensitive at all muscle lengths
C) To stimulate the Ib fibers
D) So that it takes more stretch to stimulate the MS
B) So it is sensitive at all muscle lengths
A fit athlete:
A) Should have clear muscle definition
B) Should have muscles with smooth contours
C) Should have tight, tense muscles
B) Should have muscles with smooth contours
What are the four functions of gamma gain?
1) Stay upright against gravity
2) Keep center of gravity within the base of support
3) Store energy
4) Allow smooth movement
To compensate for poor muscle tone:
A) Strength is used
B) Movement is slower
C) Tension is used
D) Less energy is expended
C) Tension is used
Tense muscles make movement more or less accurate?
Less accurate
Tense muscles can lead to tendon injury–
A) With intense work
B) With slow work
C) Within the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
C) Within the normal range of motion
Low gamma gain can lead to tendon injury–
A) With intense work
B) With slow work
C) Within the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
D) Outside the normal range of motion
Describer the ideal stance and posture for a canine athlete:
Stand square, place feet with confidence; relaxed posture and good muscle tone
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
This indicates a deficit of which cranial nerve?
CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
This reflects a deficit on which side of the brain?
Left
A patient present with a deficit of blink reflex on the left medial canthus, atrophy of the left temporalis and masseter.
How can we address this deficit?
Stimulate proprioceptors on the right side
What is the definition of dysafferentation?
A decrease in Ia afferent activity coupled with an increase in nociceptive fiber activity, often due to a restriction
What are 3 ways a restriction can adversely affect nerve function?
(1) Direct effect on dorsal root ganglion (DRG), nerve root, or peripheral nerve
(2) Inflammation defusing into the nerve
(3) Decreased circulation to the nerve
A dog that walks slowly and carefully is more likely to have a _____ problem.
Neurologic or Musculoskeletal?
Neurologic
Why do neurologic signs improve as speed is increased?
Neuro deficits are a lack of communication between the nervous system and the muscle. As speed increases the animal relies more on stored energy to maintain gait instead of muscle strength.
T/F: The basic rhythmic pattern of gait is generated in the spinal cord and doesn’t depend on the brain.
TRUE
What are central pattern generators? Where are they located?
Neural networks that generate rhythmic motor activity without sensory feedback; located in the spinal cord
What is the primary goal of the vestibular system?
Maintain correct orientation of the head and neck
What is phase dependent reflex reversal?
The same stimulus causes a different response depending on the phase of stride
Where are the second order sympathetic cell bodies located? What joints are they near?
Located in the sympathetic trunk that lies just outside the vertebrae in the thoracolumbar region;
2 are near the 1st rib, 1 near the TMJ
How can a restriction cause local patchy sweating?
Restrictions stimulate sympathetic nervous system
What are 4 effects of chronic sympathetic stimulation?
(1) Immune depression
(2) Adrenal fatigue
(3) GI problems
(4) Chronic pain
What effect does nociception have on the sympathetics?
Nociception stimulates the sympathetics
Which is faster, feed-forward or feed-back? Why?
Feed-forward is faster–it starts before the intended movement
Effective feed-back is dependent on high _______.
Gamma gain
Which mechanism compares the intended movement to the actual movement? (Feed-forward or feed-back)
Feed-back