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word classes and grammar Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

material verbs

A

show actions or events
(hit, jump, build)

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2
Q

relational verbs

A

identify properties or shows state of being

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3
Q

mental verbs

A

internal processes

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4
Q

verbal verbs

A

external processes of communication through speech

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5
Q

base adjectives/ adverbs

A

basic form or an adjective or adverb

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6
Q

superlative adjective/ adverb

A

‘est’

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7
Q

attributive adjective/ adverb

A

come before noun

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8
Q

predicative adjective/ adverb

A

come after the noun

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9
Q

evaluative adjective/ adverb

A

something that can be measured or compared
(nice, boring)

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10
Q

personal pronouns

A

people
I- first person singular

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11
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A

oriented reader towards something
(this, that, these)

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12
Q

In definite pronouns

A

person, inject or idea that is non specific
(someone, anybody, everything)

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13
Q

Articles

A

shows something is definite or indefinite
the
an

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14
Q

possessives

A

show ownership
my
your
her

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15
Q

quantifiers

A

some
any
one

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16
Q

co ordinating conjunctions

A

link words or larger structures together when they are equal
and
but
yet

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17
Q

subordinating conjunctions

A

link clauses together to show one is dependent on the other
because
although

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18
Q

What is direct speech?

A

quotation marks

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19
Q

what is indirect speech?

A

phrasing their main points

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20
Q

what is cataphoric referencing?

A

referring to something that will be said later in the text

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21
Q

what is anaphoric referencing?

A

referring to something that was said previously in the text

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22
Q

what is exophoric referencing?

A

referring to something outside of the text

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23
Q

what is passive voice?

A

object verb

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24
Q

what is active voice

A

subject verb object

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25
Q

what is a transitive verb?

A

requires a direct object
i bake cookies

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26
Q

what is an intransitive verb?

A

doesn’t require an object
I laugh

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27
Q

what is an adverbial?

A

a word or group of words that are used to give more information about the verb

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28
Q

what is a prepositional phrase?

A

A group of words, consisting of preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object

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29
Q

why is speech used?

A

atmosphere
vivid image
show inequality
set up manipulation/ plot
understand characters background

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30
Q

what is an auxiliary verb?

A

Helping verb
shows time, tense and possibility
e.g. ‘be’ or i have read

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31
Q

what is anaphora?

A

repeated words or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
eg. their right to live, their right to love, their right to laugh

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32
Q

what is epiphora?

A

repeated word or phrase at the end of successive clause
eg. for no gov is better and i want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best

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33
Q

What is epizeuxis?

A

repetition of words or phrases in immediate succession
eg. oh horror, horror, horror

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34
Q

what is parallelism?

A

repeating the same grammatical structure within a sentence or series of sentences
eg. i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors

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35
Q

what is anadiplosis?

A

repeating the last word of a sentence at the first word of the next
eg. suffering breeds character, character breeds faith, faith will not disappoint

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36
Q

what is antithesis?

A

repeating words/ ideas in opposite senses
eg. we all must help one another or we will kill one another

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37
Q

what is epanalepsis?

A

repeating the first word of a sentence at the end
eg. nothing will be achieved if we do nothing

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38
Q

what is chiasmus?

A

repetition in reverse order
eg. fair is foul and foul is fair

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39
Q

What is epiplexis in questioning

A

questions used to rebuke (tell off)

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40
Q

What is anacoenosis in questioning

A

questions which ask the audience to consider their opinion or viewpoint implying a common interest

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41
Q

What is hypophora in questioning

A

questions which are asked by the speaker which they then immediately answer

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42
Q

What is erotesis in questioning

A

questions which pre suppose that their answer will be a strong and obvious positive or negative

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43
Q

what does allocentric mean?

A

others at the centre

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44
Q

what does egocentric mean?

A

one person at the centre

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45
Q

what does anthropocentric mean?

A

humans at the centre

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46
Q

what does theocentric mean?

A

religion at the centre

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47
Q

what is hypophora?

A

asking a question and answering it

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48
Q

what is a honorific?

A

title given for respect
mrs, mr, sir

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49
Q

what is a neologism?

A

new word/ phrase becoming mainstream

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50
Q

what is asyndetic listing?

A

list connected with a comma

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51
Q

what are archaic words?

A

old words

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52
Q

what do you call words that are/ not used often?

A

high/ low frequency lexis

53
Q

what is neologism?

A

new words

54
Q

what do we call polite words?

A

courtesy term

55
Q

what do wo call words frequently found together?

A

collocation

56
Q

what are the definite/ indefinite articles?

A

the/ an

57
Q

what do we call dictionary meanings?

A

denotation

58
Q

what do we call words with very strong/emotive connotations?

A

loaded term

59
Q

sentence starting with there and saying something exists (eg-there are nuts on the table)

A

existential sentence

60
Q

tell us how often (eg-always)

A

frequency adverbs

61
Q

two words or groups of words that sound similar but have different meanings

A

homophone

62
Q

delivers information and explains an issue or subject (eg-a textbook)

A

expository discourse

63
Q

typographical choices that imply prosody

A

pseudo prosody

64
Q

blunt expression for a neutral one (eg-the loony bin)

A

dysphemism

65
Q

offer subjective opinions

A

evaluative adjective

66
Q

tells us how (carefully)

A

manner verbs

67
Q

tells us how much

A

degree adverbs

68
Q

tells us how often

A

frequency adverbs

69
Q

refers to self

A

reflexive pronoun

70
Q

polite indirect phrase for a sensitive topic

A

euphemism

71
Q

politically indirect phrase?

A

political euphemism

72
Q

words used for an associated thing (the crown)

A

metonym

73
Q

long established expression with an accepted meaning

A

idiom

74
Q

what do we call a short sentence?

A

minor sentence

75
Q

what is a pre-modified noun phrase?

A

words before the noun describing it

76
Q

post modified noun phrase

A

words describing the noun after it

77
Q

missing words form a sentence

A

ellipsis

78
Q

triadic and quadratic

A

3/4 in a sentence

79
Q

fronting and end focus

A

parts of sentence placed at beginning and end for effect

80
Q

parallel syntax

A

parallel patterns of word order (live by the sword die by the sword)

81
Q

conditional sentencing

A

if and presenting a condition

82
Q

can, could, may, might, will ,would, shall, should, must

A

modal auxiliary verbs

83
Q

cultural allusion

A

reference to culture and shared knowledge

84
Q

meaning that isn’t explicitly stated

A

implicature

85
Q

what is accelerando?

A

speech that is getting faster

86
Q

what is an acronym?

A

list of letters which is pronounced as a word

87
Q

what is an adjunct?

A

an adverb answering ‘where’ ‘how’ ‘when’
-the baby OFTEN sleeps

88
Q

what is an anaphoric reference?

A

referencing to an earlier noun phrase

89
Q

what is an antonym?

A

words that are opposite in meaning

90
Q

what is an apposition?

A

noun phrase separated by commas, dashes or brackets

91
Q

what is asyndetic listing?

A

connected by comma

92
Q

what is an auxiliary verb?

A

used alongside main verb to express tense, mood or voice
it IS raining

93
Q

what is assonance?

A

repetition of vowel sounds (rhyming)
age/ rave

94
Q

what is a bi-nomial pair?

A

collocation
scream and shout

95
Q

what is a free morpheme?

A

smallest unit of language that can occur by itself
happy

96
Q

what is a bound morpheme?

A

prefix of suffix attached to a free morpheme
unhappy

97
Q

wat is a comment clause?

A

i mean
i think
commonly occurring clause in speech

98
Q

what is a copula verb?

A

one that is followed by a compliment
be, seem, appear

99
Q

what is deontic modality?

A

modal verb showing ability, necessity, obligation
can,could,may

100
Q

what is a derivation?

A

word formed by adding affixes

101
Q

what is dialect levelling?

A

reduction in differences between dialects through contact and media

102
Q

what is enclitic?

A

unstressed morpheme joining phonetically
don’t

103
Q

what is end focus?

A

position of info at the end of clause for emphasis

104
Q

what is epistemic modality?

A

modal verb assessing likelihood of an event taking place
may, might

105
Q

what is figurative language?

A

on literal language to create poetic and descriptive effect
simile
metaphor

106
Q

what is foregrounding/ fronting?

A

change in order of clause elements to draw attention to a particular term
IN WINTER, i am moody

107
Q

what are function words?

A

prepositions, determiners, conjunctions

108
Q

what is a homonym?

A

words with the same sound and form but different meanings

109
Q

what is a homophone?

A

word with the same sound but different spelling and meaning

110
Q

what is an idiom?

A

meaning is not literal
jumping the gun

111
Q

what is an inclusive?

A

we, us
includes other speakers

112
Q

what is an inflection?

A

suffix

113
Q

what is lexical diffusion?

A

gradual spread of linguistic change

114
Q

what is liaison?

A

a process changing the pronunciation of words

115
Q

what is malapropism?

A

misuse of similar sounding words

116
Q

what is a minimal pair?

A

identical except one phoneme
pin/pan
pot/shot

117
Q

what is a modifier?

A

adds description
the SLOW train

118
Q

what are monitoring functions?

A

check a speaker is still listening
can you believe
you know

119
Q

What are obsolete words?

A

words which are no longer in use

120
Q

what are ordinal numbers?

A

Words which indicate the order of a sequence
First, third

121
Q

What is parenthesis?

A

Brackets, dashes, commas, pauses

122
Q

What are phonemes?

A

smallest unit of sound

123
Q

What is post modification?

A

come after the head

124
Q

What is semantic change?

A

meaning of word changes over time

125
Q

What is a quoting clause?

A

Tells you who said the quote
‘Said the audience’

126
Q

What is rallentando?

A

speech that is getting slower

127
Q

What are spontaneity markers?

A

marks speech as spontaneous
Fillers
Hesitations

128
Q

What is synthetic listing?

A

connected by a conjunction

English language (9 decks)

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