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English language > word classes and grammar > Flashcards

word classes and grammar Flashcards

1
Q

proper noun

A

names of people and places

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2
Q

abstract nouns

A

states, feelings and concepts
they don’t have a physical existence

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3
Q

concrete nouns

A

objects that have physical existence

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4
Q

material verbs

A

show actions or events
(hit, jump, build)

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5
Q

relational verbs

A

identify properties or shows state of being

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6
Q

mental verbs

A

internal processes

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7
Q

verbal verbs

A

external processes of communication through speech

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8
Q

base adjectives/ adverbs

A

basic form or an adjective or adverb

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9
Q

comparative adjective/ adverb

A

‘er’

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10
Q

superlative adjective/ adverb

A

‘est’

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11
Q

attributive adjective/ adverb

A

come before noun

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12
Q

predicative adjective/ adverb

A

come after the noun

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13
Q

evaluative adjective/ adverb

A

something that can be measured or compared
(nice, boring)

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14
Q

personal pronouns

A

people
I- first person singular

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15
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A

oriented reader towards something
(this, that, these)

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16
Q

In definite pronouns

A

person, inject or idea that is non specific
(someone, anybody, everything)

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17
Q

Articles

A

shows something is definite or indefinite
the
an

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18
Q

possessives

A

show ownership
my
your
her

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19
Q

quantifiers

A

some
any
one

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20
Q

co ordinating conjunctions

A

link words or larger structures together when they are equal
and
but
yet

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21
Q

subordinating conjunctions

A

link clauses together to show one is dependent on the other
because
although

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22
Q

What is direct speech?

A

quotation marks

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23
Q

what is indirect speech?

A

phrasing their main points

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24
Q

what is cataphoric referencing?

A

referring to something that will be said later in the text

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25
Q

what is anaphoric referencing?

A

referring to something that was said previously in the text

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26
Q

what is exophoric referencing?

A

referring to something outside of the text

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27
Q

what is passive voice?

A

object verb

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28
Q

what is active voice

A

subject verb object

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29
Q

what is a transitive verb?

A

requires a direct object
i bake cookies

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30
Q

what is an intransitive verb?

A

doesn’t require an object
I laugh

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31
Q

what is an adverbial?

A

a word or group of words that are used to give more information about the verb

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32
Q

what is a prepositional phrase?

A

A group of words, consisting of preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object

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33
Q

why is speech used?

A

atmosphere
vivid image
show inequality
set up manipulation/ plot
understand characters background

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34
Q

what is an auxiliary verb?

A

Helping verb
shows time, tense and possibility
e.g. ‘be’ or i have read

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35
Q

what is anaphora?

A

repeated words or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
eg. their right to live, their right to love, their right to laugh

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36
Q

what is epiphora?

A

repeated word or phrase at the end of successive clause
eg. for no gov is better and i want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best

37
Q

What is epizeuxis?

A

repetition of words or phrases in immediate succession
eg. oh horror, horror, horror

38
Q

what is parallelism?

A

repeating the same grammatical structure within a sentence or series of sentences
eg. i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors

39
Q

what is anadiplosis?

A

repeating the last word of a sentence at the first word of the next
eg. suffering breeds character, character breeds faith, faith will not disappoint

40
Q

what is antithesis?

A

repeating words/ ideas in opposite senses
eg. we all must help one another or we will kill one another

41
Q

what is epanalepsis?

A

repeating the first word of a sentence at the end
eg. nothing will be achieved if we do nothing

42
Q

what is chiasmus?

A

repetition in reverse order
eg. fair is foul and foul is fair

43
Q

What is epiplexis in questioning

A

questions used to rebuke (tell off)

44
Q

What is anacoenosis in questioning

A

questions which ask the audience to consider their opinion or viewpoint implying a common interest

45
Q

What is hypophora in questioning

A

questions which are asked by the speaker which they then immediately answer

46
Q

What is erotesis in questioning

A

questions which pre suppose that their answer will be a strong and obvious positive or negative

47
Q

what does allocentric mean?

A

others at the centre

48
Q

what does egocentric mean?

A

one person at the centre

49
Q

what does anthropocentric mean?

A

humans at the centre

50
Q

what does theocentric mean?

A

religion at the centre

51
Q

what is hypophora?

A

asking a question and answering it

52
Q

what is a honorific?

A

title given for respect
mrs, mr, sir

53
Q

what is a neologism?

A

new word/ phrase becoming mainstream

54
Q

what is asyndetic listing?

A

list connected with a comma

55
Q

what are archaic words?

A

old words

56
Q

what do you call words that are/ not used often?

A

high/ low frequency lexis

57
Q

what is neologism?

A

new words

58
Q

what do we call polite words?

A

courtesy term

59
Q

what do wo call words frequently found together?

A

collocation

60
Q

what are the definite/ indefinite articles?

A

the/ an

61
Q

what do we call dictionary meanings?

A

denotation

62
Q

what do we call words with very strong/emotive connotations?

A

loaded term

63
Q

sentence starting with there and saying something exists (eg-there are nuts on the table)

A

existential sentence

64
Q

tell us how often (eg-always)

A

frequency adverbs

65
Q

two words or groups of words that sound similar but have different meanings

A

homophone

66
Q

delivers information and explains an issue or subject (eg-a textbook)

A

expository discourse

67
Q

typographical choices that imply prosody

A

pseudo prosody

68
Q

blunt expression for a neutral one (eg-the loony bin)

A

dysphemism

69
Q

offer subjective opinions

A

evaluative adjective

70
Q

tells us how (carefully)

A

manner verbs

71
Q

tells us how much

A

degree adverbs

72
Q

tells us how often

A

frequency adverbs

73
Q

refers to self

A

reflexive pronoun

74
Q

polite indirect phrase for a sensitive topic

A

euphemism

75
Q

politically indirect phrase?

A

political euphemism

76
Q

words used for an associated thing (the crown)

A

metonym

77
Q

long established expression with an accepted meaning

A

idiom

78
Q

what do we call a short sentence?

A

minor sentence

79
Q

what is a pre-modified noun phrase?

A

words before the noun describing it

80
Q

post modified noun phrase

A

words describing the noun after it

81
Q

missing words form a sentence

A

ellipsis

82
Q

triadic and quadratic

A

3/4 in a sentence

83
Q

fronting and end focus

A

parts of sentence placed at beginning and end for effect

84
Q

parallel syntax

A

parallel patterns of word order (live by the sword die by the sword)

85
Q

conditional sentencing

A

if and presenting a condition

86
Q

can, could, may, might, will ,would, shall, should, must

A

modal auxiliary verbs

87
Q

cultural allusion

A

reference to culture and shared knowledge

88
Q

meaning that isn’t explicitly stated

A

implicature

89
Q
A

English language (7 decks)

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