(P1 A)spoken language

Question 1

What are features of spoken language?

Answer 1

grammatically dense
spontaneous
body language hesitation
slang
volume
pitch
accents

Question 2

a what are features of written language?

Answer 2

lexically dense
impressive vocab
titles
punctuation
organised
fonts
standard language

Question 3

what does halliday say about spoken vs written language?

Answer 3

they offer different perspectives of reality
spoken is dynamic and happening
written is abstract metaphorical

Question 4

in spoken language what is the field?

Answer 4

subject matter
what it refers to in the real world

Question 5

what does mode mean in spoken language?

Answer 5

framing of the interaction and how it presents itself

Question 6

what does tenor mean in spoken language?

Answer 6

relationship between participants in discourse

Question 7

what is physical context in spoken language?

Answer 7

where a convo is taking place
objects present
actions occurring
anything in immediate area

Question 8

what is epistemic context in spoken language?

Answer 8

what the speaker already knows about the world

Question 9

what is linguistic context in spoken language?

Answer 9

what has been already said

Question 10

what is social context in spoken language?

Answer 10

social relationship amongst speakers and listeners

Question 11

What is pragmatic theory?

Answer 11

how speakers use language to achieve their goals and how listeners interpret the meanings

Question 12

What does Paul grice say about cooperation theory?

Answer 12

conversation is kept going by those involved and it relies on the four maxims:
quality
quantity
relevance
manner

Question 13

What is dialect in spoken language?

Answer 13

variety of english and how it differs in grammar, phonology and lexus

Question 14

What is sociolect in spoken language?

Answer 14

variety of language associated with social groups

Question 15

what is idiolect in spoken language?

Answer 15

dialect of an individual person

Question 16

What does Goffman mean by face theory?

Answer 16

everyone has a metaphoric face which they want to protect ( their public reputation)

Question 17

How did brown and levison develop Goffmans face theory?

Answer 17

positive politeness-> gesture of friendship, compliments shows they are liked and admired

negative politeness-> avoiding intruding on other peoples lives, indirect and respectful

Question 18

What are the functions of spoken language?

Answer 18

-referential= provid information
-expressive=express speakers feelings
-transactional=getting something done
-interactional=social relationship between the participants
-phatic=small talk

Question 19

how is speaker identity an influence on spoken language?

Answer 19

regional origin
socio economic status
occupation
gender
ethnic identity
age
group membership (gang)

Question 20

how is context an influence on spoken language?

Answer 20

audience- form of address, status
setting- formality
topic- field specific lexis
purpose

Question 21

what lexis is used in spontaneous speech?

Answer 21

-vocab= less formal, colloquial expressions, slang, contractions
-phatic expressions= ‘pleased to meet you’
-deictic expressions= can’t be understood unless context of area is known ‘now’ ‘then’ ‘here’ ‘these’

Question 22

what are features of grammar in spontaneous speech?

Answer 22

-interrupted constructions= one construction abandoned in favour of another
-disjointed constructions= ‘he knows about computers- how to fix them’
-incomplete constructions= words or grammatical elements missing
-non-standard grammar= informal

Question 23

what are the phonological features of spontaneous speech?

Answer 23

stress
intonation
volume

Question 24

what are the NFF present in spontaneous speech?

Answer 24

fillers
filled pauses
unintentional repetition
false starts

Question 25

what is the discourse structure of spontaneous speech?

Answer 25

no paragraphs
rambling, disorganised, repetitive
digressions/ deviations from topic
no logical sequence of ideas
topic loops

Question 26

how is stress present in speech?

Answer 26

places emphasis on particular words
this can influence the meaning of the utterance

Question 27

how is tempo used in speech?

Answer 27

slow= calm and reassured
rapid= interest and enthusiasm
muddles= panic or anxiety

Question 28

how is intonation present in speech?

Answer 28

how pitch can rise and fall
statement ends with falling intonation and a question with rising
rising intonation can emphasise emotion
lack of intonation likely to disengage listener

Question 29

how are pauses used in speech?

Answer 29

unvoiced pause= natural breaks/ NFF- hesitation
achieve deliberate effects- comedic joke

Question 30

how is pronunciation used in speech?

Answer 30

accent= regional and social identity which influences impression

Question 31

how do conversations open?

Answer 31

greetings, many include time and feelings
friends= informal/ established rituals
strangers= self identification
topic marker
depends on context

Question 32

how is turn taking used in speech?

Answer 32

used so it isn’t chaotic, full of interruptions, overlapping speech and awkward silences
- sensitive to verbal and non verbal cues on when to speak

Question 33

who studied gender differences in spoken language?

Answer 33

Fishman
conversational shitwork