(p2 B) 21st century english Flashcards
What are the ways we use technology?
-to communicate with people
-to organise our schedules and budgets
-for banking
-execute daily functions (heating)
-creating and distributing media
-making and showcasing art
what is the relationship between language and technology?
-technology requires language to be brought into existence
-tech is controlled, instructed and modified by language
-users use language to get the tech to do something
what impacts has technology had on the english language?
-ruined the ability to be in the moment
-given us more communication freedom
what language changes have happened due to technology?
-abbreviations and acronyms
-new terminology
-words being appropriated to mean something else (troll)
-made conversation more casual
-communication through writing (all caps is shouting)
-rise in multimodal linguistic,visual, gestural and aural
who talks about the origins and development of the english language?
John Alego
what are the six ways Alego said new words are formed?
-loaning
-composites (combinations of other words)
-innovation
-blending (part from two words and combining them)
-shifts (change their functions or meaning over time)
-shortenings (part of words left out for brevity)
what types of shifts are there?
-amelioration: meaning of word become more positive
-pejoration: meaning of word is more negative
-widening: meaning of word broadens
what type of shortenings are there?
-clippings: clipped down to shorter forms
-acronyms:letter of each words in a phrase to make a new word
-initialisms (ong)
what type of composites are there?
-compounding
-affixation: prefixes and suffixes
what are features of web pages?
navigational features
web banner
flash elements
advertisement
multimedia feature
web links
interactive elements
what is the history of text speak?
requires multiple presses to get one letter
similar to telegraphs which charged by the word
what are features of text messages?
initialisation
reductions,shortenings, omission
reactive token
pictograms
logogram
gramogram
paralinguistic features
capitalisation
emoticons
variation of spelling
punctuation or lack off
what is text speak?
david crystal
shortened and informal language
acronyms
abbreviations
omitting vowels
what are characters in text?
any sign to represent language
when people need to reduce number of characters
-telegrams
-sms
-tweets
how does text speak form our identity?
form social bonds
sense of belonging
what are gramograms?
a letteral word
word is phonetically similar to a letter
cu
what is a logogram?
<3
written sign or character
what are client based emails?
used by business users
email downloaded from a server to an application
microsoft outlook
internet server provide an email account, password, mailbox
broadband connection always on and flat rate subscription
what is web mail?
usually free
users sign up to services
gmail yahoo
given username ,password, personal mailbox
what is the structure of an email?
intro
body
closing
attachments
what are important email terms?
to
from
cc (carbon copy)
bcc (blind carbon copy)
subject
what is the importance of email?
faster
cheaper
written record
benefits of using email?
fast
24hours a day
sent from any computer
cheap
can be sent to on or several people
constraints of using email?
access to internet
viruses
phishing
no guarantee they will respond
spam
what are synchronous messages?
client waits for the server to respond to a message
messages able to flow in both directions
sender won’t send another till gets a reply
what are asynchronous messages?
client doesn’t wait for a message
event triggers message form a server
one way communication
advantages of asynchronous messaging?
flexible
higher availability
less pressure for immediate response
if one system down doesn’t impact others
advantages of asynchronous messaging?
flexible
higher availability
less pressure for immediate response
if one system down doesn’t impact others
drawback of asynchronous messages?
lack a sense of immediacy
examples of synchronous messages?
phone calls
normal discourse
teams
zoom
examples of synchronous messages?
phone calls
normal discourse
teams
zoom
examples of asynchronous messages?
email
instagram
tiktok
youtube
what does chat language look like?
hybrid conversational medium
threads
what are grammatical features of online conversations?
-short utterances
-elliptical, grammatically simple utterances
-typographical errors
-omitted punctuation
-lexical truncation
what is chatiquette?
-basic rules of online communication
-created to avoid misunderstanding
-basic courtesy
what are conventions of Twitter/X
-real-time info sharing network
-45% of users 18-24
-mobile centric
-share tweets or broadcasts to global/ personal audience
-hashtags indicate what is trending
-280 characters or less
what is paralinguistic restitution?
using emojis
capitalisation
in text to make up for the loss in spoken language
what are letter number homophones?
2 instead of to
who is against text speak?
Humphrys- vandals, savaging sentences, raping vocab
Sutherland- sad shorthand, mental laziness
what % of American text messages had abbreviations?
less than 20
what did swift say about abbreviating words?
it’s a barbarous custom
