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English language > p2 A language change over time > Flashcards

p2 A language change over time Flashcards

1
Q

what years were middle english?

A

1100-1500

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2
Q

what years were EME?

A

1500-1800

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3
Q

what years were LME?

A

1800-present

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4
Q

what were features of EME?

A

-sentences loose with repeated connectives
-long multiclausal sentences
-use of ‘do’ as an auxiliary verb
-pronouns thou, thee, thine
-irregular verbs in older forms digged, gat, spake
-subverted syntactical structures
-third person singular eneded in eth walketh

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5
Q

what were Robert Lowths rules?

A

–pronoun thou no longer used
-differentiation between will and shall
-infinite verbs shouldnt be split
-prepositions before noun

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6
Q

what were the origins of English?

A

settlers from West Germany (Saxons, jutes and Anglos)

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7
Q

what were influences on the English language?

A

Viking invaders
Scandinavian language
words describing family and animals

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8
Q

what were features on Middle English?

A

legal
religious
administrative terms
French lexis (justice, jury, govern)
inflections disappeared
no standard spelling
-‘great vowel shift’ shorter ‘leef’=’life’
85%old English removed

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9
Q

what were influences on middle English?

A

Norman invasion 1066
French dominant in church, court, nobility
-English used by educated upper class
used in speech and writing

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10
Q

what are influences of EME language?

A

-Caxton printing press 1476
-texts mass produced
-standardisation
-East Midland dialect
Shakespeare 1700 new words

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11
Q

what are features of EME?

A

-words form Africa and Asia
-Renaissance- Latin, French, Greek words from psychology
-prefixes and suffixes (anti, post, pre)
-more than half of words Latin

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12
Q

what are influences on LME?

A

-1755 Johnson- first ‘dictionary of English’
-1762 Lowth first English grammar book
-prescriptivism developed (Latin favoured)
-Industrial revolution
-American English
-electronic media
-colonial expansion

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13
Q

what are features of present day English?

A

-women’s rights, comprehensive education
-descriptivism

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what are old English writing systems?

A

Roman alphabet
Runic alphabet
Simple spelling letters matched the sound

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16
Q

How did Caxton’s printing press lead to difficulties with spelling?

A

based on Chancery standard but added own variants
-printers made spelling errors sometimes used Dutch spelling
(H after G ghost)
-Printers lengthened words for money
(frend=friend)
-bibles in the reformation were printed abroad due to heresy
(non-English spelling)

17
Q

What helped to alter sound during middle English

A

Great vowel shift auto Jefferson 15th to early 17th century
-Spelling change didn’t follow sound which increased difference in spoken and written
-bee,bay,by

18
Q

what was Johnson concerned about relating to spelling?

A

he made dictionary
Interested in homographs
Created alternative spellings to differ
stile/style

19
Q

What else happened to the spelling of English since Johnson?

A

no K on the end of words
Musick, frantick
-Webster: American standard
Labour /labor

20
Q

what are phonological difficulties in English?

A

-Silent E rule evolved from old inflectional endings
-Terminal E was a key feature in middle English linked to pronunciation
roote

21
Q

what are technological issues with spelling in English?

A

Printing practices in the 1800s included long ‘ s’

use non-standard forms in text or with friends

22
Q

what are the reasons for irregularities in English or orthography?

A

43 1/2 speech sounds in one letter
English has numerous spellings and pronunciations
(soup/sound)
-French and Italy have two way phonemicity
-English children takes three years longer to master spelling

23
Q

What punctuation was used in the late modern period?

A

-commas- link long extended clauses
-colons plus semicolons
-apostrophes- signify possessive and missing letters
-speech marks
-contractions

24
Q

How is punctuation used in text?

A

-Marks prosodic feature
-used in multiple forms …
-Limited capitalisation

25
Q

What punctuation did Caxton use?

A

period
:
Oblique clause

26
Q

what is it called when a verb ending changes from th to s

A

third person verb inflection

27
Q

EME- your selfe

A

reflexive pronoun not yet compounded

28
Q

what should you reference when mentioning archaic word forms?

A

-SJ 1755 dictionary

29
Q

what are obsolete pronouns?

A

thy
thou
thee
-define singular or plural
-modern form

30
Q

what are obsolete verbs?

A

hath
sayeth
-define tense
-singular or plural

31
Q

features of negative phrases in EME?

A

-negator follows verb (not)
-dummy auxiliary ‘do’ absent

English language (9 decks)

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