(P1 B) Language and situation

Question 1

what is Grices cooperative principle?

Answer 1

-conversation succeed due to cooperation when communicating
-through use of maxims

Question 2

what do the 4 maxims mean?

Answer 2

-quality= truth
-quantity= sufficient info
-relevance
-manner= clear, present, helpful

Question 3

what is Brown and Levinson politeness theory?

Answer 3

-saving face
-positive face= self esteem
-negative face= desire to be free/ act as we wish

Question 4

what is conversational implicature?

Answer 4

-indirect speech acts telling us what the speaker means
-relies on cooperative theory

Question 5

what are the 4 type of contexts?

Answer 5

-physical=where
-epistemic= what speakers know about the world
-linguistic= already said in the utterance
-social= social relationship

Question 6

what are the 5 types of register?

Answer 6

-frozen= old discourse
-formal= standardised
-consultative= expert-novice
-casual= informal
-intimate= close

Question 7

what is Hallidays language system?

Answer 7

-field= subject matter
-tenor= status, age ,gender, relationship
-mode= channel of communication

Question 8

what are Hallidays 7 functions of language?

Answer 8

-instrumental= needs
-regulatory= what to do
-interactional= social relationships
-personal= opinions
-heuristic= questions
-imaginative
-representational= info

Question 9

what is Hallidays theory on the meta functions of language?

Answer 9

-language is a resource for conveying meaning
-grammar a tool for effective communication
-focus on whole system and purpose of grammar
-looks at clauses

Question 10

what are the 3 semantic structures that combine in a clause to create meaning?

Answer 10

-interpersonal meta function= social relationships and interactions
-ideational meta function= grammatical resources to express experiences
-textual meta function= link complex ideas together

Question 11

what are the 6 characteristics John Swales defines a discourse community by?

Answer 11

-common set of Goals
-internal Communication amongst members
-levels of Membership
-provides Info and feedback
multiple Genres to further its aims
-specialist Lexis

Question 12

What is Giles CAT/ SAT

Answer 12

-communication/speech accommodation theory
-change our speech to be closer or further apart from others

Question 13

what do people usually accommodate due to?

Answer 13

-influence of social factors

Question 14

what is interpersonal and intergroup accommodation?

Answer 14

-personalities, our interests
-identities as members of social groups

Question 15

what is convergence?

Answer 15

-change speech to sound more like interlocutor

Question 16

what is divergence?

Answer 16

emphasises a difference in communication style

Question 17

what are the 4 motives for divergence?

Answer 17

-emphasise difference form others
-shape others feelings
-show belonging to a specific group
-influence others speech

Question 18

what is maintenance?

Answer 18

refusing to change communication style

Question 19

what three things are assessed when judging how to perceive accommodation?

Answer 19

-language competence
-effort speaker is making
-external pressures

Question 20

what is upwards and downwards convergence?

Answer 20

-u= match interlocutor by sounding more upper class
-d= downplay social status

Question 21

what is upwards and downwards divergence?

Answer 21

-u=accentuating social status to distance from others
-d=opposite

Question 22

what does Barbara Ellen say about the PC movement?

Answer 22

-‘benefits (protection, fairness, community spirit) far outweigh the drawbacks’

Question 23

what is Goffman face theory?

Answer 23

self image
public image

Question 24

what is positive face?

Answer 24

desire to be like

Question 25

what is negative face?

Answer 25

protect personal rights

Question 26

what are fta?

Answer 26

can be verbal, para verbal and non verbal

Question 27

what is violating Grices maxims?

Answer 27

serious
secret
quality
quantity

Question 28

what is flouting Grices maxims?

Answer 28

common
apparent
mishear
metaphors
ironic

Question 29

what are sociolinguistics focussed on?

Answer 29

variation in language due to:
class
age
gender
ethnicity
geographical location
occupation