(P1 B) Language and situation Flashcards
what is Grices cooperative principle?
-conversation succeed due to cooperation when communicating
-through use of maxims
what do the 4 maxims mean?
-quality= truth
-quantity= sufficient info
-relevance
-manner= clear, present, helpful
what is Brown and Levinson politeness theory?
-saving face
-positive face= self esteem
-negative face= desire to be free/ act as we wish
what is conversational implicature?
-indirect speech acts telling us what the speaker means
-relies on cooperative theory
what are the 4 type of contexts?
-physical=where
-epistemic= what speakers know about the world
-linguistic= already said in the utterance
-social= social relationship
what are the 5 types of register?
-frozen= old discourse
-formal= standardised
-consultative= expert-novice
-casual= informal
-intimate= close
what is Hallidays language system?
-field= subject matter
-tenor= status, age ,gender, relationship
-mode= channel of communication
what are Hallidays 7 functions of language?
-instrumental= needs
-regulatory= what to do
-interactional= social relationships
-personal= opinions
-heuristic= questions
-imaginative
-representational= info
what is Hallidays theory on the meta functions of language?
-language is a resource for conveying meaning
-grammar a tool for effective communication
-focus on whole system and purpose of grammar
-looks at clauses
what are the 3 semantic structures that combine in a clause to create meaning?
-interpersonal meta function= social relationships and interactions
-ideational meta function= grammatical resources to express experiences
-textual meta function= link complex ideas together
what are the 6 characteristics John Swales defines a discourse community by?
-common set of Goals
-internal Communication amongst members
-levels of Membership
-provides Info and feedback
multiple Genres to further its aims
-specialist Lexis
What is Giles CAT/ SAT
-communication/speech accommodation theory
-change our speech to be closer or further apart from others
what do people usually accommodate due to?
-influence of social factors
what is interpersonal and intergroup accommodation?
-personalities, our interests
-identities as members of social groups
what is convergence?
-change speech to sound more like interlocutor
what is divergence?
emphasises a difference in communication style
what are the 4 motives for divergence?
-emphasise difference form others
-shape others feelings
-show belonging to a specific group
-influence others speech
what is maintenance?
refusing to change communication style
what three things are assessed when judging how to perceive accommodation?
-language competence
-effort speaker is making
-external pressures
what is upwards and downwards convergence?
-u= match interlocutor by sounding more upper class
-d= downplay social status
what is upwards and downwards divergence?
-u=accentuating social status to distance from others
-d=opposite
what does Barbara Ellen say about the PC movement?
-‘benefits (protection, fairness, community spirit) far outweigh the drawbacks’
what is Goffman face theory?
self image
public image
what is positive face?
desire to be like
what is negative face?
protect personal rights
what are fta?
can be verbal, para verbal and non verbal
what is violating Grices maxims?
serious
secret
quality
quantity
what is flouting Grices maxims?
common
apparent
mishear
metaphors
ironic
what are sociolinguistics focussed on?
variation in language due to:
class
age
gender
ethnicity
geographical location
occupation
what are examples of gendered language?
mr= all men
mrs/miss/ms= based on marital status
job titles= fireman, policeman
what are gender theories?
-difference theory (tannen)
-dominance theory (Zimmerman and West)
-deficit theory (jesperson and lakoff)
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