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English language > (P1 B)SE + NSE > Flashcards

(P1 B)SE + NSE Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first english dictionary?

A

A table Alphabetical 1604

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2
Q

What are the specific features of SE?

A

phonology
grammar
lexis
spelling

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3
Q

What is the process of standardisation?

A

selection- base language
elaboration- wide range of functions
codification- norms of grammatical uses and vocabulary
implementation- making texts available in it

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4
Q

Why is SE used?

A

neutral
uniform
teachable

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5
Q

What are the conventions of SE?

A

punctuation
capitalisation
paragraphing

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6
Q

What is descriptivism?

A

no form of language is correct or incorrect
influenced by social and political factors
non judgemental
used by academic linguistics

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7
Q

What is prescriptivism?

A

SE correct and superior
follows a set of rules
used in education and publishing

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8
Q

What is Jean Aitchisons Language Web theory?

A

Damp spoon- language change cause by laziness
crumbling castle- language needs to be preserved
Infectious disease- catch changes from those around us

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9
Q

What are the benefits of Descriptivism?

A

Destigmatises non standard speech and writing
Not hierarchal
Bridges gap between social groups
Accurate reflection of daily language

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10
Q

What are the benefits of prescriptivism?

A

Takes into account standard forms
Necessary for education and publishing
shows difference between daily use and appropriate use

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11
Q

What did James Milroy say?

A

certain sections of society are held responsible for linguistic decline these people are discriminated against (usually young)

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12
Q

What did David Crystal say?

A

cant stop language change
‘as natural as breathing’
if a language doesn’t change it’s dead
eternal tolerance

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13
Q

What did Michael Rossen say?

A

More than one way to describe language, saying there is only one is confusing and untrue, grammar produces meanings so cant be correct or incorrect

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14
Q

What did Ferdinand Saussure say?

A

SE is absurd, prejudice and creates myths and illusions

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15
Q

What did Lynne Truss say?

A

‘The world cares nothing for the little shocks endured by the sensitive stickler’
Like the Sixth Sense but for bad punctuation

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16
Q

what did Lord Tebbit say?

A

allowing standards to slip will lead to no imperative to stay out of crime

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17
Q

What did Lindsay Johns say?

A

Four Thought BBC radio 4 (language is power)
effects education and job prospects
ghetto grammar- reckless self sabotage
sounds like a frontal lobotomy
adults have a linguistic duty of care

18
Q

What did Jonathan Green say?

A

primary users of slang- everday speakers who develop it
illustrative users- employ slang for authenticity

19
Q

Why do people use slang?

A

Communicate more effectively
Fit into certain social groups
Create own identity
Gain independence
Show belonging/ understanding to a certain county

20
Q

How does language change spread?

A

Wave model
s- curve model
functional theory
random fluctuation/ cultural transmission
substratum theory
hyper correction
sapir-whorf

21
Q

What is the functional theory?

A

language changes and adapts to the needs of its users

22
Q

what is random fluctuation and cultural transmission?

A

occurs due to the unstable nature of language
‘fashion in language is as unpredictable as fashion in clothes’

23
Q

What is substratum theory?

A

Immigration leads to different language trends being used

24
Q

What is Hyper Correction?

A

phonological change
changing how you sound for higher prestige

25
Q

what is the wave model?

A

geographical distance can have an effect on language change
-closer you are to where the change occurred the more likely you are to pick up the language

26
Q

what is the s- curve model?

A

language change occurs at a slow pace and then spreads due to popularity and slows down later

27
Q

What are the key driving forces of language change?

A

creativity and expressiveness
politics and legislation
war and invasion
technological change
movement of people

28
Q

What are the functions of swearing?

A

Expletive- provide shock value
Insult
Solidarity- speaker affiliated with a specific group
Stylistic-make a sentence more memorable

29
Q

what are accents?

A

How voices sound as a result of geographical location

30
Q

What is the importance accents?

A

represent history
part of our identities
where we come from and our past
established characters in stories

31
Q

What is a dialect?

A

Where we live impacts grammar and lexical choices

32
Q

What is the importance of dialects?

A

preserves cultural heritage
distinguished different parts of the uk
new words and ideas
celebrates what makes places different

33
Q

What is Trudgills Norwich study?

A

Focuses if gender effects dialect in different social classes
Is different pronunciation of words due to a different socioeconomic status, gender or speech consciousness
higher social classes use more prestige language
walkin instead of walking- common in lower classes and men

34
Q

What is Jenny Cheshires reading study?

A

vernacular subculture- those using NSE have different norms
variation in dialects is a conscious choice influenced by social attitudes
youngsters with positive attitudes to weapons, fighting, swearing use NSE
males susceptible to covert prestige

35
Q

What is William Labov- Martha’s Vineyard study?

A

way people speak is due to social structures
diphthongs (aw) (ay) used to distinguish from tourists
mainly used by those with traditional jobs (fishermen) and younger residents
done subconsciously

36
Q

what is Bernstein’s restricted code of speech?

A

restricted speech- code associated with informal situations, shorter phrases injected in sentences ‘you know’, represents working class, low levels of grammar and unfinished sentences
elaborated speech- complex sentence structures, high level vocabulary, formal situations, professional and middle class people
upper classes can code switch

37
Q

What is Lesley Milroys Belfast study?

A

open social networks- personal contacts don’t necessarily know each other
closed social networks- contacts generally know each other
Network strength score- how well people know each other, higher the network strang the score higher the use of NSE

38
Q

what is AAVE?

A

-African American Vernacular English
-Labov found it is nonrhotic (r isn’t pronounces) when casual

39
Q

what was Labovs New York study?

A

-Saks Fifth Avenue, Macy’s, S,Klein
-asked about the floors in the stores to hear if the pronunciation of the rhotic / r / sound changed depending on social class.
-the employees with higher socioeconomic status pronounced the rhotic more frequently than the lower socioeconomic status

40
Q

what research did man met uni carry out on the manchester accent?

A

accent perception
-accent considered posh in the very south
-mancunian accent seen as ‘rough, common, poor’

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