(P1 B)SE + NSE

Question 1

What was the first english dictionary?

Answer 1

A table Alphabetical 1604

Question 2

What are the specific features of SE?

Answer 2

phonology
grammar
lexis
spelling

Question 3

What is the process of standardisation?

Answer 3

selection- base language
elaboration- wide range of functions
codification- norms of grammatical uses and vocabulary
implementation- making texts available in it

Question 4

Why is SE used?

Answer 4

neutral
uniform
teachable

Question 5

What are the conventions of SE?

Answer 5

punctuation
capitalisation
paragraphing

Question 6

What is descriptivism?

Answer 6

no form of language is correct or incorrect
influenced by social and political factors
non judgemental
used by academic linguistics

Question 7

What is prescriptivism?

Answer 7

SE correct and superior
follows a set of rules
used in education and publishing

Question 8

What is Jean Aitchisons Language Web theory?

Answer 8

Damp spoon- language change cause by laziness
crumbling castle- language needs to be preserved
Infectious disease- catch changes from those around us

Question 9

What are the benefits of Descriptivism?

Answer 9

Destigmatises non standard speech and writing
Not hierarchal
Bridges gap between social groups
Accurate reflection of daily language

Question 10

What are the benefits of prescriptivism?

Answer 10

Takes into account standard forms
Necessary for education and publishing
shows difference between daily use and appropriate use

Question 11

What did James Milroy say?

Answer 11

certain sections of society are held responsible for linguistic decline these people are discriminated against (usually young)

Question 12

What did David Crystal say?

Answer 12

cant stop language change
‘as natural as breathing’
if a language doesn’t change it’s dead
eternal tolerance

Question 13

What did Michael Rossen say?

Answer 13

More than one way to describe language, saying there is only one is confusing and untrue, grammar produces meanings so cant be correct or incorrect

Question 14

What did Ferdinand Saussure say?

Answer 14

SE is absurd, prejudice and creates myths and illusions

Question 15

What did Lynne Truss say?

Answer 15

‘The world cares nothing for the little shocks endured by the sensitive stickler’
Like the Sixth Sense but for bad punctuation

Question 16

what did Lord Tebbit say?

Answer 16

allowing standards to slip will lead to no imperative to stay out of crime

Question 17

What did Lindsay Johns say?

Answer 17

Four Thought BBC radio 4 (language is power)
effects education and job prospects
ghetto grammar- reckless self sabotage
sounds like a frontal lobotomy
adults have a linguistic duty of care

Question 18

What did Jonathan Green say?

Answer 18

primary users of slang- everday speakers who develop it
illustrative users- employ slang for authenticity

Question 19

Why do people use slang?

Answer 19

Communicate more effectively
Fit into certain social groups
Create own identity
Gain independence
Show belonging/ understanding to a certain county

Question 20

How does language change spread?

Answer 20

Wave model
s- curve model
functional theory
random fluctuation/ cultural transmission
substratum theory
hyper correction
sapir-whorf

Question 21

What is the functional theory?

Answer 21

language changes and adapts to the needs of its users

Question 22

what is random fluctuation and cultural transmission?

Answer 22

occurs due to the unstable nature of language
‘fashion in language is as unpredictable as fashion in clothes’

Question 23

What is substratum theory?

Answer 23

Immigration leads to different language trends being used

Question 24

What is Hyper Correction?

Answer 24

phonological change
changing how you sound for higher prestige

Question 25

what is the wave model?

Answer 25

geographical distance can have an effect on language change
-closer you are to where the change occurred the more likely you are to pick up the language

Question 26

what is the s- curve model?

Answer 26

language change occurs at a slow pace and then spreads due to popularity and slows down later

Question 27

What are the key driving forces of language change?

Answer 27

creativity and expressiveness
politics and legislation
war and invasion
technological change
movement of people

Question 28

What are the functions of swearing?

Answer 28

Expletive- provide shock value
Insult
Solidarity- speaker affiliated with a specific group
Stylistic-make a sentence more memorable

Question 29

what are accents?

Answer 29

How voices sound as a result of geographical location

Question 30

What is the importance accents?

Answer 30

represent history
part of our identities
where we come from and our past
established characters in stories

Question 31

What is a dialect?

Answer 31

Where we live impacts grammar and lexical choices

Question 32

What is the importance of dialects?

Answer 32

preserves cultural heritage
distinguished different parts of the uk
new words and ideas
celebrates what makes places different

Question 33

What is Trudgills Norwich study?

Answer 33

Focuses if gender effects dialect in different social classes
Is different pronunciation of words due to a different socioeconomic status, gender or speech consciousness
higher social classes use more prestige language
walkin instead of walking- common in lower classes and men

Question 34

What is Jenny Cheshires reading study?

Answer 34

vernacular subculture- those using NSE have different norms
variation in dialects is a conscious choice influenced by social attitudes
youngsters with positive attitudes to weapons, fighting, swearing use NSE
males susceptible to covert prestige

Question 35

What is William Labov- Martha’s Vineyard study?

Answer 35

way people speak is due to social structures
diphthongs (aw) (ay) used to distinguish from tourists
mainly used by those with traditional jobs (fishermen) and younger residents
done subconsciously

Question 36

what is Bernstein’s restricted code of speech?

Answer 36

restricted speech- code associated with informal situations, shorter phrases injected in sentences ‘you know’, represents working class, low levels of grammar and unfinished sentences
elaborated speech- complex sentence structures, high level vocabulary, formal situations, professional and middle class people
upper classes can code switch

Question 37

What is Lesley Milroys Belfast study?

Answer 37

open social networks- personal contacts don’t necessarily know each other
closed social networks- contacts generally know each other
Network strength score- how well people know each other, higher the network strang the score higher the use of NSE

Question 38

what is AAVE?

Answer 38

-African American Vernacular English
-Labov found it is nonrhotic (r isn’t pronounces) when casual

Question 39

what was Labovs New York study?

Answer 39

-Saks Fifth Avenue, Macy’s, S,Klein
-asked about the floors in the stores to hear if the pronunciation of the rhotic / r / sound changed depending on social class.
-the employees with higher socioeconomic status pronounced the rhotic more frequently than the lower socioeconomic status

Question 40

what research did man met uni carry out on the manchester accent?

Answer 40

accent perception
-accent considered posh in the very south
-mancunian accent seen as ‘rough, common, poor’