(P1 B)Language and power Flashcards
What are Shân Wareings 3 types of power?
political
personal
social group
What are two types of instrumental power?
practical power(violence,money,skills)
positional power
what are two types of influential power?
pedagogical power
personal power
What did Norman Fairclough come up with?
Critical Discourse Analysis:
power in discourse- power acted in conversations
power behind discourse-social and ideological set ups that influence discourse
What are advantages of jargon?
brevity, navigating intricacies of certain professions, foster an identity
What are disadvantages of jargon?
complicated, excludes others, pretentious
What was the plain English Campaign?
disallows misleading public information, crystal mark on documents
What is an occupational register?
language used by professionals in different work settings
more formal
establishes expertise and authority
What do Drew and Heritage develop?
Institutional talk:
communication in institutional contexts have specific characteristics
What are Drew and Heritages specific characteristics?
turn taking rules
constraints on language(allowable contributions)
professional lexis
goal orientation
similar structures
asymmetry
What is the power of a participant determined by?
hierarchy
status
role
authority
What does John Swales develop?
discourse community
defined by six characteristics
What are the 6 characteristics of a discourse community?
agreed set of public goals
mechanisms of internal communication
levels of membership
information and feedback
multiple genres-further aims
specialist lexis
What does Almut Koester develop?
Phatic Talk
-communication maintaining relationships
-creates a positive and productive working environment
What does Goffman develop?
face
- the positive public image we seek to establish in social interactions
What do Brown and Levinson develop?
politeness theory:
-positive face-desire to be liked and to maintain a positive self image
-negative face- desire to protects personal rights and make them feel like they haven’t been taken advantage of
-face threatening acts- damaging a persons sense of face
What are Grices conversational maxims?
-Quality- not telling lies
-Quantity-not withholding information or giving too much
-relevance-only saying relevant things
-manner-clear, concise and orderly, no complex words
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
language influences perceptions and cognition of its native speakers
What is linguistic determinism?
cognition is determined by language, language used is the reason for how you think the way you do
each country has its culture due to the language used
What is linguistic relativism?
language used influences perception of the world but doesn’t define it
What is semantic reclamation/ re appropriation?
Individuals take ownership of derogatory words used to oppress them
context if slur is adapted
What did Aristotle develop?
Father of rhetoric
-logos
-ethos
-pathos
-kairos
What did Sinclair and Coulthard develop?
IRF model
initation, response, feedback
(adaption of Halliday rank scale)
what is Tannens concept of genderlects?
men and womens communication can be best understood as coming from two separate ‘cultural dialects’
examples of occupational jargon
blue sky thinking
a helicopter view
2/5 distracted by use of meeting speak
1/5 felt obliged to use in speak to keep pace w colleagues
East England most likely to use business babble
what book criticises jargon in a doctor setting ?
The secret language of doctors- Brian Goldman
according to sinclair and coulthard what are the three parts of teacher talk?
elicitation
informative
directive
what is CDA
Fairclough
examines how discourse (written or spoken communication) reflects, reinforces, and challenges social power structures, ideologies, and inequalities
what are examples of language used in the courtroom?
contempt of court
-disrespectful towards judge
what does legalese do?
prserves archaic terms
uses positional and pedagogical power
promotes respect for its processes
which historic group created some of the legalese we use today?
anglo saxons
-guilt, murder, oath
latin
what are features of legalese?
lengthy and complex
unusual syntax
double negatives
archaic lexis
repetition of meaning
how do doctors use language?
code switch between speaking to colleagues and patients
what is an example of a communication framework used by doctors?
SBAR
Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation
-used for accuracy
what are the origins of medical terms?
Greco-Roman
what power do politicians use and when?
influential
Speech=persuasive engaging texts
Appearances= talking to journalists
what is political rhetoric?
persuasive language
alliteration
allusion
list or three
imperatives
metaphors
flattery
how do politicians use pragmatics?
flout maxims
use phatic tokens
how do politicians use forms of address?
personal pronouns to build rapport
i, we, they
synthetic personalisation
‘i’m proud of you’ David Cameron
