(P1 B)Language and power

Question 1

What are Shân Wareings 3 types of power?

Answer 1

political
personal
social group

Question 2

What are two types of instrumental power?

Answer 2

practical power(violence,money,skills)
positional power

Question 3

what are two types of influential power?

Answer 3

pedagogical power
personal power

Question 4

What did Norman Fairclough come up with?

Answer 4

Critical Discourse Analysis:
power in discourse- power acted in conversations
power behind discourse-social and ideological set ups that influence discourse

Question 5

What are advantages of jargon?

Answer 5

brevity, navigating intricacies of certain professions, foster an identity

Question 6

What are disadvantages of jargon?

Answer 6

complicated, excludes others, pretentious

Question 7

What was the plain English Campaign?

Answer 7

disallows misleading public information, crystal mark on documents

Question 8

What is an occupational register?

Answer 8

language used by professionals in different work settings
more formal
establishes expertise and authority

Question 9

What do Drew and Heritage develop?

Answer 9

Institutional talk:
communication in institutional contexts have specific characteristics

Question 10

What are Drew and Heritages specific characteristics?

Answer 10

turn taking rules
constraints on language(allowable contributions)
professional lexis
goal orientation
similar structures
asymmetry

Question 11

What is the power of a participant determined by?

Answer 11

hierarchy
status
role
authority

Question 12

What does John Swales develop?

Answer 12

discourse community
defined by six characteristics

Question 13

What are the 6 characteristics of a discourse community?

Answer 13

agreed set of public goals
mechanisms of internal communication
levels of membership
information and feedback
multiple genres-further aims
specialist lexis

Question 14

What does Almut Koester develop?

Answer 14

Phatic Talk
-communication maintaining relationships
-creates a positive and productive working environment

Question 15

What does Goffman develop?

Answer 15

face
- the positive public image we seek to establish in social interactions

Question 16

What do Brown and Levinson develop?

Answer 16

politeness theory:
-positive face-desire to be liked and to maintain a positive self image
-negative face- desire to protects personal rights and make them feel like they haven’t been taken advantage of
-face threatening acts- damaging a persons sense of face

Question 17

What are Grices conversational maxims?

Answer 17

-Quality- not telling lies
-Quantity-not withholding information or giving too much
-relevance-only saying relevant things
-manner-clear, concise and orderly, no complex words

Question 18

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Answer 18

language influences perceptions and cognition of its native speakers

Question 19

What is linguistic determinism?

Answer 19

cognition is determined by language, language used is the reason for how you think the way you do
each country has its culture due to the language used

Question 20

What is linguistic relativism?

Answer 20

language used influences perception of the world but doesn’t define it

Question 21

What is semantic reclamation/ re appropriation?

Answer 21

Individuals take ownership of derogatory words used to oppress them
context if slur is adapted

Question 22

What did Aristotle develop?

Answer 22

Father of rhetoric
-logos
-ethos
-pathos
-kairos

Question 23

What did Sinclair and Coulthard develop?

Answer 23

IRF model
initation, response, feedback
(adaption of Halliday rank scale)

Question 24

what is Tannens concept of genderlects?

Answer 24

men and womens communication can be best understood as coming from two separate ‘cultural dialects’

Question 25

examples of occupational jargon

Answer 25

blue sky thinking
a helicopter view
2/5 distracted by use of meeting speak
1/5 felt obliged to use in speak to keep pace w colleagues
East England most likely to use business babble

Question 26

what book criticises jargon in a doctor setting ?

Answer 26

The secret language of doctors- Brian Goldman

Question 27

according to sinclair and coulthard what are the three parts of teacher talk?

Answer 27

elicitation
informative
directive