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chemistry > WM > Flashcards

WM Flashcards

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1
Q

aldehyde general formula

A

RCHO

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2
Q

ketone general formula

A

RCOR’

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3
Q

carboxylic acid general formula

A

RCOOH

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4
Q

acid anhydride general formula

A

RCOOCOR’

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5
Q

ether general formula

A

ROR’

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6
Q

ester general formula

A

RCOOR’

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7
Q

primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

A

. primary - OH group attached to carbon that is bonded to one R group

. secondary - OH group attached to carbon that is bonded to 2 R groups

. tertiary - OH group that is attached to 3 R groups

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8
Q

what is the reagent used to oxidise an alcohol

A

potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7)

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9
Q

what colour does the dichromate turn from and to when used to oxidise an alcohol

A

solution goes from orange to green

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10
Q

how do you extract an aldehyde from the oxidation of a primary alcohol

A

use distillation. aldehyde has lower boiling point than alcohol so will evaporate first

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11
Q

how do you form a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol

A

heat under reflux and use excess oxidising agent

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12
Q

why, when heating under reflux, does the aldehyde not get removed?

A

aldehyde is evaporated then condenses and falls back down into flask

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13
Q

how is an ester formed

A

by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid or an acid anhydride

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14
Q

what is a phenol

A

OH group (hydroxyl group) attached to a benzene ring

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15
Q

test for phenols

A

add iron (III) chloride to solution. if phenol is present a purple colour should form

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16
Q

how does reflux work

A

strong heating and you won’t lose volatile (can readily change from solid/liquid form to vapour) reactants and products. volatile compounds will evaporate and condense back into flask.

17
Q

when is distillation performed

A

when you are trying to separate two substances with different boiling points

18
Q

how does recrystallisation work

A

you do this when you want to purify solids.
1. add just enough hot solvent to dissolve impure solid.
2. crystals should begin to form, let them cool.
3. filter these crystals to get your solid purified crystals. wash these with very cold solvent and dry them off.

19
Q

what is the mobile phase and stationary phase in TLC

A

mobile phase = solvent
stationary phase = paper

20
Q

how can colourless compounds be seen in TLC

A

using iodine or fluorescent dyes and uv light.

21
Q

how can you spot the spots in TLC using iodine

A

place chromatogram in a sealed jar containing iodine crystals. the iodine vapour will stick to the chemicals and turn them purple.

22
Q

how can you spot the spots using a fluorescent dye

A

add dye to paper. colourless spots will block any glow from dye and you can then draw around these spots to see them more clearly.

chemistry (9 decks)

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