PL Flashcards
what is proton nmr
tells us how many hydrogen environments there are and how many hydrogens there are in the sample
what is steroisomerism
form of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but differ in 3 dimensional orientations
optical isomerism
same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space. optical isomers have mirror images of each other and have a chiral carbon atom
chiral molecule
4 different groups attached to one carbon atom. we can arrange these molecules in 2 different ways which forms two different molecules
enantiomer
mirror images of each other that are non superimposable (they won’t overlap)
positive test for amine
amines have a very fishy smell.
if we react an amine with an acyl chloride we get white misty flames of acidic HCl being produced
how are amines attached to alkanes named
using the word ‘amine’ at the end and dropping the ‘e’ from the alkane chain.
amides general formula
CONH2. carboxylic acid derivative
when naming carboxylic acids which carbon will be carbon 1
the carbon of the carboxylic acid
how do you name an ester
the part derived from a carboxylic acid ends in ‘oate’. the part derived from the alcohol is the alkyl group.
how are polyamides formed
reacting a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine. condensation reaction.
how are polyesters formed
dicarboxylic acid and diol. condensation reaction.
amino acids what do they contain
a COOH and an NH2
zwitterion in amino acids
when the molecule has both negative and positive ions. zwitterions only exist at an amino acids isoelectric point
what is the isoelectric point
pH at which the overall charge is zero.
a zwitterion forms at the isoelectric point, both the carboxyl and amino groups are ionised.
primary structure of protein
shows the individual sequence of amino acids that make up the protein
secondary structure of protein
hydrogen bonding exists between the peptide links in the polymer chain and this pulls a straight chain into coiled or pleated structure.
tertiary structure of protein
protein chain is long and coils itself up giving a unique shape for that protein
4 types of bonds holding a protein in shape
.disulfide bridges (S-S)
.hydrogen bonding (between O and N with H)
.IDID
. ionic interactions
pharmacophore
the part of the drug molecule that fits into the receptor
