Wk 8 Respiratory

Question 1

Alveolar duct

Answer 1

end in groups of
alveoli arranged like bunches of grapes within the lungs

Question 2

Alveolar sac

Answer 2

Groups of grape like air sacs in the lungs

Question 3

Alveoli

Answer 3

Microscopic, thin-walled sacs surrounded by networks of capillaries. The interface between the
wall of the alveoli and the wall of the capillary is where the actual
exchange of gases takes place in the lungs.

Question 4

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 4

Two of the cartilages of the larynx. The
vocal cords attach to the arytenoid cartilages. The arytenoid
cartilages and the vocal cords form the boundaries of the
opening into the larynx (glottis).

Question 5

Bronchiole

Answer 5

Some of the smallest branches of the bronchial tree.
The bronchioles subdivide down to the alveolar ducts, which
are the smallest air passageways that lead directly to the
alveolar sacs.

Question 6

Bronchus

Answer 6

When air enters the lung, each main bronchus divides into
smaller bronchi, which divide into even smaller bronchi and,
finally, into tiny bronchioles

Question 7

Chemical control
system

Answer 7

monitors the blood and only affects the breathing pattern
if something gets out of balance.

Question 8

Diaphragm

Answer 8

The thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms
the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A
muscle that helps produce inspiration when it contracts. The
diaphragm is dome-shaped at rest, with its convex surface
directed cranially.When it contracts,the dome of the diaphragm
flattens out, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
and causes air to be drawn into the lungs.

Question 9

Epiglottis

Answer 9

The most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages. It projects
forward from the ventral portion of the larynx, and its bluntly
pointed tip usually tucks up behind the caudal rim of the soft
palate when the animal is breathing. When the animal swallows,
the epiglottis is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx,
like a trapdoor.

Question 10

Expiration

Answer 10

Exhalation; the process of pushing air out of the lungs.

Question 11

External respiration

Answer 11

The process of respiration that occurs in
the lungs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between
the air inhaled into the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the
capillaries that surround them.

Question 12

Hilus

Answer 12

The isolated area of some organs where blood vessels and
other structures, such as nerves, enter and leave. For example,
the hilus of the kidney is the indented area on the medial side
where blood or lymph vessels and nerves enter and leave and
where the ureters leave the organ. The hilus of the lung is where
air passageways, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and
leave.

Question 13

Inspiration

Answer 13

The process of drawing air into the lungs;
inhalation

Question 14

Intercostal space

Answer 14

The space between two ribs

Question 15

Internal respiration

Answer 15

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood in the capillaries all over the body and the
cells and tissues of the body.

Question 16

Larynx

Answer 16

The “voice box”; a short, irregular tube of cartilage and
muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea. Its functions
are voice production, preventing foreign material from being
inhaled, and controlling airflow to and from the lungs.

Question 17

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 17

All of the respiratory structures within
the lungs; includes all the respiratory passages from the bronchi
down to the alveoli

Question 18

mechanical control system

Answer 18

The respiratory control system that
sets inspiration and expiration limits for normal resting breathing; operates on the basis of stretch receptors in the lungs that
communicate with the respiratory center in the brainstem.

Question 19

Minute volume

Answer 19

  The volume of air that an animal breathes in and
out during 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the animal’s
tidal volume by its respiratory rate, which is the number of
breaths taken per minute

Question 20

Nares

Answer 20

Nostrils

Question 21

Nasal passage

Answer 21

  The convoluted air passageways in the nose that
conduct air between the nostrils and the pharynx.

Question 22

Nasal septum

Answer 22

The midline barrier that separates the left and
right nasal passages.

Question 23

Olfactory sense

Answer 23

The sense of smell. The receptors for smell are
located in the nasal passages.

Question 24

Partial pressure

Answer 24

In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure is the
portion of the overall pressure each gas exerts. It can be calculated for a particular gas by multiplying the total pressure of the
gas mixture by the percentage content of that particular gas

Question 25

PH

Answer 25

A chemical concept defined as the negative logarithm of the
hydrogen ion concentration. It is a number that indicates relative acidity or alkalinity. The pH ranges from 0 to 14. The lower
the pH, the more acidic the environment, and the higher the
pH, the more alkaline the environment. A pH of 7 is neutral
(neither acidic nor alkaline).

Question 26

Pharynx

Answer 26

The throat; a common passageway for the respiratory
and digestive systems.

Question 27

Phonation

Answer 27

Voice production.

Question 28

Pleura

Answer 28

The thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the
thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura). A potential space
between the two layers contains a small amount of lubricating
fluid that allows the thoracic structures to slide smoothly over
each other as they and the thorax itself move.

Question 29

Pneumonia

Answer 29

A lower respiratory tract infection affecting the tiny
bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs. Pneumonia can be a serious
disease because the inflammatory fluids and excess mucus that
are produced by the irritation are difficult for the animal to
cough up from deep in the lungs.

Question 30

Pneumothorax

Answer 30

Air in the chest; an abnormal condition resulting
from air leaking into the thoracic cavity from the lung or the
outside world. It can result in collapse of the lung in that area
because of loss of the normal partial vacuum in the thorax

Question 31

Residual volume

Answer 31

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after
the maximum amount of air has been forced out by expiration.

Question 32

Respiration

Answer 32

The movement of oxygen from the outside air to the
cells in an animal’s body, and the movement of carbon dioxide
in the opposite direction

Question 33

Respiratory center

Answer 33

The area in the brainstem that controls the
breathing process.

Question 34

Sigh

Answer 34

  A deeper than normal breath. A sigh may correct a minor
oxygen or carbon dioxide imbalance in the blood, or it may
expand the lungs a little more than the normal breaths do. Sighs
can have an emotional basis also

Question 35

Tidal volume

Answer 35

The volume of air breathed in and out in one
breath. It varies according to the body’s needs. The tidal volume
is lowest at rest and higher during physical activity.

Question 36

Trachea

Answer 36

The windpipe; the tube that extends from the larynx
down into the thorax, where it divides into the left and right
main bronchi that enter the lungs. The trachea is held open by
incomplete hyaline cartilage rings that are spaced along its
length.

Question 37

Turbinate

Answer 37

Skull bones that are part of the internal bones of the
face; also known as the nasal conchae. The turbinates are four
thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal
cavity. The turbinates are covered by the moist, vascular lining
of the nasal passages. Their scroll-like shape helps the nasal
lining warm and humidify the inhaled air and trap tiny particles
of inhaled foreign material.

Question 38

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 38

The respiratory structures outside the
lungs. Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

Question 39

Ventilation

Answer 39

  The movement of air into and out of the lungs. Also
known as breathing

Question 40

Vocal cord

Answer 40

Two fibrous connective tissue bands attached to the
arytenoid cartilages that stretch across the lumen of the larynx
and vibrate as air passes over them; also known as the vocal folds.