Wk 8 Respiratory Flashcards
Alveolar duct
end in groups of
alveoli arranged like bunches of grapes within the lungs
Alveolar sac
Groups of grape like air sacs in the lungs
Alveoli
Microscopic, thin-walled sacs surrounded by networks of capillaries. The interface between the
wall of the alveoli and the wall of the capillary is where the actual
exchange of gases takes place in the lungs.
Arytenoid cartilage
Two of the cartilages of the larynx. The
vocal cords attach to the arytenoid cartilages. The arytenoid
cartilages and the vocal cords form the boundaries of the
opening into the larynx (glottis).
Bronchiole
Some of the smallest branches of the bronchial tree.
The bronchioles subdivide down to the alveolar ducts, which
are the smallest air passageways that lead directly to the
alveolar sacs.
Bronchus
When air enters the lung, each main bronchus divides into
smaller bronchi, which divide into even smaller bronchi and,
finally, into tiny bronchioles
Chemical control
system
monitors the blood and only affects the breathing pattern
if something gets out of balance.
Diaphragm
The thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms
the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A
muscle that helps produce inspiration when it contracts. The
diaphragm is dome-shaped at rest, with its convex surface
directed cranially.When it contracts,the dome of the diaphragm
flattens out, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
and causes air to be drawn into the lungs.
Epiglottis
The most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages. It projects
forward from the ventral portion of the larynx, and its bluntly
pointed tip usually tucks up behind the caudal rim of the soft
palate when the animal is breathing. When the animal swallows,
the epiglottis is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx,
like a trapdoor.
Expiration
Exhalation; the process of pushing air out of the lungs.
External respiration
The process of respiration that occurs in
the lungs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between
the air inhaled into the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the
capillaries that surround them.
Hilus
The isolated area of some organs where blood vessels and
other structures, such as nerves, enter and leave. For example,
the hilus of the kidney is the indented area on the medial side
where blood or lymph vessels and nerves enter and leave and
where the ureters leave the organ. The hilus of the lung is where
air passageways, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and
leave.
Inspiration
The process of drawing air into the lungs;
inhalation
Intercostal space
The space between two ribs
Internal respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood in the capillaries all over the body and the
cells and tissues of the body.
Larynx
The “voice box”; a short, irregular tube of cartilage and
muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea. Its functions
are voice production, preventing foreign material from being
inhaled, and controlling airflow to and from the lungs.
Lower respiratory tract
All of the respiratory structures within
the lungs; includes all the respiratory passages from the bronchi
down to the alveoli
mechanical control system
The respiratory control system that
sets inspiration and expiration limits for normal resting breathing; operates on the basis of stretch receptors in the lungs that
communicate with the respiratory center in the brainstem.
Minute volume
The volume of air that an animal breathes in and
out during 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the animal’s
tidal volume by its respiratory rate, which is the number of
breaths taken per minute
Nares
Nostrils
Nasal passage
The convoluted air passageways in the nose that
conduct air between the nostrils and the pharynx.
Nasal septum
The midline barrier that separates the left and
right nasal passages.
Olfactory sense
The sense of smell. The receptors for smell are
located in the nasal passages.
Partial pressure
In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure is the
portion of the overall pressure each gas exerts. It can be calculated for a particular gas by multiplying the total pressure of the
gas mixture by the percentage content of that particular gas
PH
A chemical concept defined as the negative logarithm of the
hydrogen ion concentration. It is a number that indicates relative acidity or alkalinity. The pH ranges from 0 to 14. The lower
the pH, the more acidic the environment, and the higher the
pH, the more alkaline the environment. A pH of 7 is neutral
(neither acidic nor alkaline).
Pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for the respiratory
and digestive systems.
Phonation
Voice production.
Pleura
The thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the
thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura). A potential space
between the two layers contains a small amount of lubricating
fluid that allows the thoracic structures to slide smoothly over
each other as they and the thorax itself move.
Pneumonia
A lower respiratory tract infection affecting the tiny
bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs. Pneumonia can be a serious
disease because the inflammatory fluids and excess mucus that
are produced by the irritation are difficult for the animal to
cough up from deep in the lungs.
Pneumothorax
Air in the chest; an abnormal condition resulting
from air leaking into the thoracic cavity from the lung or the
outside world. It can result in collapse of the lung in that area
because of loss of the normal partial vacuum in the thorax
Residual volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after
the maximum amount of air has been forced out by expiration.
Respiration
The movement of oxygen from the outside air to the
cells in an animal’s body, and the movement of carbon dioxide
in the opposite direction
Respiratory center
The area in the brainstem that controls the
breathing process.
Sigh
A deeper than normal breath. A sigh may correct a minor
oxygen or carbon dioxide imbalance in the blood, or it may
expand the lungs a little more than the normal breaths do. Sighs
can have an emotional basis also
Tidal volume
The volume of air breathed in and out in one
breath. It varies according to the body’s needs. The tidal volume
is lowest at rest and higher during physical activity.
Trachea
The windpipe; the tube that extends from the larynx
down into the thorax, where it divides into the left and right
main bronchi that enter the lungs. The trachea is held open by
incomplete hyaline cartilage rings that are spaced along its
length.
Turbinate
Skull bones that are part of the internal bones of the
face; also known as the nasal conchae. The turbinates are four
thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal
cavity. The turbinates are covered by the moist, vascular lining
of the nasal passages. Their scroll-like shape helps the nasal
lining warm and humidify the inhaled air and trap tiny particles
of inhaled foreign material.
Upper respiratory tract
The respiratory structures outside the
lungs. Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
Ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs. Also
known as breathing
Vocal cord
Two fibrous connective tissue bands attached to the
arytenoid cartilages that stretch across the lumen of the larynx
and vibrate as air passes over them; also known as the vocal folds.
