Wk 7 Digestive Flashcards
Amino acid
The basic building blocks of peptides and proteins;
those organic compounds, numbering around 80, that are have
both an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH).
Amino acids make up proteins when joined together in peptide
bonds. They occur naturally in all plants and animals
Amylolytic bacteria
break
down starch and soluble carbohydrates into volatile fatty
acids (VFA).
Bilirubin glucuronide
onjugated bilirubin, which is water soluble. The hepatocyte releases the conjugated bilirubin into the bile, and when bile enters the small
intestine conjugated bilirubin is transported along with it
Brush border
Microvilli on the free surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells and kidney tubule cells that resemble the bristles of a
brush
Buccal cavity
Although this translates literally to cheek cavity, the
buccal cavity usually refers to the mouth or oral cavity; pronounced “BHU-kal
Cardia
The part of the stomach where the esophagus enters.
Carnivore
An animal whose diet is primarily meat
Cecum
The blind pouch leading off from where the ileum meets
the colon; in nonruminant herbivores, the cecum can be well
developed, with a base, body, and apex (tip).
Cellulolytic
bacteria break down components
of cell walls, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin,
into VFA
Chief cell
cells in the stomach that produce the enzyme precursor pepsinogen.
Cholecystokinin
A hormone released by the duodenum
when chyme enters from the stomach. It slows gastric emptying
and motility while increasing intestinal motility. It also stimulates
the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum.
Chyme
The semifluid, partially digested food that leaves the
stomach and enters the duodenum.
Chymotrypsinogen
pancreatic proenzymes
Colon
The last large component of the intestinal tract;responsible
for absorption of water and electrolytes; extensively developed
in nonruminant herbivores, such as horses.
Deglutition
process by
which food from the oral cavity is transported to the
stomach (in simple-stomached animals) or reticulorumen
(in ruminants).
Duodenum
The first segment of the small intestine after the
stomach. Chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach.
Emesis
vomit
Endocrine
The system of glands that controls and regulates body functions through the internal secretion of hormones.The hormones are released directly into the bloodstream,
which allows them to exert their actions on target cells throughout the body
Endopeptidase
include pepsin as well as the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. These
enzymes break proteins at internal points along the
polypeptide chains,resulting in smaller peptide chains.
Enteric
Referring to the intestine
Enteric nervous
system
Referring to the intestine.
Enterochromaffin-like
cell (ECL-cell)
Three substances, acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine,
stimulate secretions by glandular cells in the stomach. Histamine is secreted by enterochromaffin-like cells(ECL cells)
in the gastric mucosa, acetylcholine comes from cholinergic
neurons, and gastrin is released by G cells.
Enterohepatic
circulation
denotes the movement of bile acid molecules from the liver to the small intestine and back to the liver
Enteropeptidase
responsible
for converting one of the pancreatic proenzymes, trypsinogen, into its active form, trypsin.
Exocrine
Glands that release their secretions through
ducts that lead directly to the location intended to be controlled.
Some examples include sweat glands and salivary glands.
Exopeptidase
break proteins at the ends of the polypeptide
chains, releasing free amino acids.
Fermentation
Anaerobic oxidative decomposition of cellulose
into simpler compounds, such as volatile fatty acids. The
enzymes that break down the cellulose are produced by microorganisms, which are contained in the rumen or cecum of
herbivores.
