Wk 7 Urinary

Question 1

Afferent glomerular arteriole

Answer 1

The smallest arteriole branches
that carry blood into the renal glomerulus for filtration.

Question 2

Aldosterone

Answer 2

A mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the cortex
of the adrenal gland. It stimulates the kidney to conserve
sodium ions and water and to eliminate potassium and hydrogen ions

Question 3

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 3

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary. It facilitates water conservation in the body by
promoting water reabsorption from urine in the collecting
ducts. Low levels of ADH cause diabetes insipidus, a condition
that results in excessive water loss from the body through
increased urine volume.

Question 4

Anurai

Answer 4

when the kidneys aren’t producing urine

Question 5

Azotemia

Answer 5

A buildup of waste materials, particularly creatinine
and BUN, in the blood because of insufficient removal of these
substances by the kidneys.

Question 6

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 6

Part of the renal corpuscle. It consists of two
layers: an inner, visceral layer that lies directly on the glomerular
capillaries and an outer, parietal layer. It functions as a plasma
filter in the process of urine formation.

Question 7

Capsular space

Answer 7

The space between the visceral and parietal
layers of Bowman’s capsule.

Question 8

Collecting duct

Answer 8

The system of tubules that collects tubular filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules and carries it to the
renal pelvis. They are not considered part of the nephron.

Question 9

Cortex

Answer 9

the outer portion of the kidney. It contains the renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules,
collecting ducts, and peritubular capillaries.

Question 10

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 10

The last tubular part of the
nephron before it enters the collecting duct. DCTs are found in
the kidney’s cortex.

Question 11

Diuresis

Answer 11

Producing and passing large amounts of urine

Question 12

Efferent glomerular arteriole

Answer 12

Arterioles that leave the glomeruli of the kidney. They are carrying blood that has been filtered by the glomeruli, so it contains less water. Blood in the
efferent glomerular arterioles has a higher concentration of
blood cells and plasma proteins than blood in the afferent glomerular arterioles.

Question 13

Erythropoietin

Answer 13

The hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the red bone marrow to increase its production of red
blood cells.

Question 14

Fenestration

Answer 14

Small openings or holes (literally, windows); in the
walls of the glomerular capillaries, fenestrations allow certain
molecules to leave that would normally be too large to escape.

Question 15

Glomerular filtrate

Answer 15

The fluid that has been filtered out of the
glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space.

Question 16

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 16

The rate at which plasma is
filtered into the capsular space. It is expressed in milliliters per
minute.

Question 17

Glomerulus

Answer 17

The tuft of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle;
also called glomerular capillaries.

Question 18

Glycosuria

Answer 18

The presence of glucose in the urine

Question 19

Hilus

Answer 19

The isolated area of some organs where blood vessels and
other structures, such as nerves, enter and leave. For example,
the hilus of the kidney is the indented area on the medial side
where blood or lymph vessels and nerves enter and leave and
where the ureters leave the organ. The hilus of the lung is where
air passageways, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and
leave.

Question 20

Loop of Henle

Answer 20

The middle part of the tubular portion of a
nephron. It has a descending part that travels from the cortex
to the medulla and an ascending part that travels back to the
cortex. The loop of Henle is located between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 21

Medulla

Answer 21

The inner part of the kidney. It contains the loop of Henle,
peritubular capillaries, and collecting ducts.

Question 22

Micturition

Answer 22

The process of expelling urine from the body; also
called urination or uresis

Question 23

Nephron

Answer 23

The basic functional unit of the kidney. It is composed
of the renal corpuscle and the tubule system, which is made up
of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal
convoluted tubule

Question 24

Oliguria

Answer 24

Passing small amounts of urine.

Question 25

Osmotic diuresis

Answer 25

Diuresis produced by excess dissolved substances
in the fluid circulating through the tubules of the nephrons. The
excess glucose in the tubular fluid of animals with diabetes mellitus produces an osmotic diuresis that results in polyuria.

Question 26

Peritubular capillary

Answer 26

Capillaries within the kidneys

Question 27

Podocyte

Answer 27

  Meaning “foot cells.” Podocytes make up the visceral
layer of Bowman’s capsule in the kidney. Podocytes form a permeable covering on the outside of the glomerular capillaries.

Question 28

Polydipsia

Answer 28

Excessive thirst.

Question 29

Polyuria

Answer 29

  Production of an excessive volume of urine.

Question 30

Postrenal uremia

Answer 30

usually associated with an obstruction
that prevents urine from being expelled from the body

Question 31

Prerenal uremia

Answer 31

associated with decreased blood flow to
the kidneys and may be caused by conditions such as dehydration, congestive heart failure, or shock, if these conditions are
left untreated.

Question 32

Prostaglandin

Answer 32

hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.
Sometimes called tissue hormones because they regulate biochemical activities in the tissues where they are formed.

Question 33

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 33

The first part of the tubular
portion of a nephron.Its lumen is a continuation of the capsular
space of Bowman’s capsule in the renal corpuscle. The majority
of tubular reabsorption takes place from the PCT.

Question 34

Reabsorption

Answer 34

The process by which some constituents of plasma
that were filtered out of the plasma by the glomerulus are
returned to the bloodstream. Water, glucose, amino acids, and
sodium are some of the substances that are reabsorbed.

Question 35

Renal corpuscle

Answer 35

The first part of the nephron. It is composed of
the glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule. The capsular
space of the renal corpuscle continues as the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 36

Renal pelvis

Answer 36

The collection point for tubular filtrate as it leaves
the collecting ducts. When the fluid enters the renal pelvis, it is
in the form of urine that must be eliminated from the body. The
renal pelvis continues as the ureter that carries urine to the
urinary bladder.

Question 37

Renal uremia

Answer 37

associated with an inability of the kidney
to regulate urine production adequately because of damage to
the nephrons

Question 38

Renin

Answer 38

A hormone released in the kidney (by the juxtaglomerular
cells of the afferent glomerular arterioles) in response to low
blood pressure

Question 39

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system

Answer 39

A sequence of hormonal reactions, initiated by the kidneys in response to low
blood pressure, which results in vasoconstriction and increased
blood volume

Question 40

Retroperitoneal

Answer 40

Behind the parietal layer of peritoneum that
lines the abdominal cavity, outside the abdominal cavity proper

Question 41

The glomerular capillary

Answer 41

Most of the plasma protein
molecules are too large to pass through the glomerular capillary fenestrations.

Question 42

Trigone

Answer 42

The triangular body of the urinary bladder located
between the openings of the ureters and the urethra.

Question 43

Tubular filtrate

Answer 43

The glomerular filtrate after it has passed into the
proximal convoluted tubule. It will be called the tubular filtrate
throughout its entire journey through the nephron tubules even
though its chemical composition will change many times before
it enters the collecting duct.

Question 44

Uremia

Answer 44

Urine in the blood. Refers to a buildup of waste materials,
especially urea, in the blood because of insufficient removal by
the kidneys

Question 45

Uresis

Answer 45

Expelling urine from the body; also called micturition or
urination.

Question 46

Ureter

Answer 46

  The muscular tubes that leave the kidney at the hilus and
connect to the urinary bladder. They move urine to the bladder
by peristaltic smooth muscle contractions.

Question 47

Urinary calculi

Answer 47

Uroliths or urinary tract stones.

Question 48

Urolith

Answer 48

Urinary tract stones; precipitated aggregates of mineral
crystals that form macroscopic stones or sand anywhere in the
urinary tract.