Wk 1 Vocab Flashcards
Acinar gland
The secretory units of exocrine glands that contain one or more saclike structures.
Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts.
Adipose
Fat
Alveolar gland
Secretory units of exocrine glands that are saclike in form.
(See also; acinar gland)
Apical surface
The side of an epithelial cell that faces in toward the body cavity.
Apocrine gland
A gland whose secretions contain some of its cellular material. Part of the secretory cell is destroyed and must regenerate before the cell can secrete again (ex. mammary gland).
Areolar connective
tissue
A soft, spongey connective tissue, also known as loose connective tissue. Located throughout the body and is composed of a soft ground substance, numerous cell types and all three types of fiber (elastic, reticular, and collagenous.)
Articular cartilage
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints. It forms a smooth layer over the joint surfaces of the bones, which decreases friction and allows free joint movement.
Avascular
Without a blood supply.
Basal surface
The side of an epithelial cell that faces a lower level of connective tissue.
Basement membrane
A noncellular, collagen-based structure that supports epithelial tissue.
Bone
Living tissue that makes up the body’s skeleton.
Brown adipose tissue
Brown fat; is commonly found throughout the body of hibernating species and neonates. Specialized form of adipose tissue that releases its stored lipid reserves in the form of heat.
This is due to the high degree of vascularization and concentration of mitochondria found in brown adipose tissue.
Brush border
Microvilli on the free surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells and kidney tubule cells that resemble the bristles of a brush.
Cartilage
An opaque, dense connective tissue of composed of a relatively small number of cells that are contained within a nonliving matrix.
Absorbs shock and protects the epiphysial ends of bones.
Caudal
Toward the tail end of an animal.
Cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary muscle that is found exclusively in the heart. It is influenced by the autonomic nervous system. It has one centrally located nucleus and intercalated discs that form special connections between the muscle branches.
Cilia
Hairlike processes of the luminal surfaces of cells that assist in the movement of mucus, fluid, and solid material across the cell surface.
Collagenous fiber
A structural protein that is commonly located in tendons and ligaments.
Columnar cell
Tall, thin epithelial cells with nuclei located at the basal end; often ciliated.
Connective tissue
Tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues.
Connective tissue proper
Includes all types of connective tissue except for bone, blood, and cartilage.
Divided into two subclasses: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
Cranial
Toward the head of an animal
Cuboidal cell
Cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.
Cutaneous membrane
Integument
The outer layer (epidermis) is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. This helps to waterproof and prevent dehydration of the body, The inner layer or dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, as well as collagenous and elastic fibers. This also reinforcement and flexibility.
Cyte
Suffix meaning cell
Deep
Extending far down from the top or surface
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
A highly fibrous connective tissue with little vascularization. It functions to reinforce and bind body structures. 2 types Dense regular and Dense irregular.
Dense irregular
connective tissue
A collagen-based fibrous connective tissue that is found in the dermis spleen, and liver. It has thicker bundles of fiber than dense regular connective tissue and is designed to withstand tension from multiple directions.
Dense regular
connective tissue
Tightly bound, minimally vascularized fibrous connective tissue found in ligaments, tendons, and fascia. In ligaments, it binds joints whereas in tendons it binds muscle to bone. In fascia, it helps support surrounding tissues.
Desmosome
A type of intercellular attachment found in epithelial tissue. The bond is formed from the interlocking of filaments that connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
Distal
Implies a position or direction away from the body trunk
Dorsal
Toward the backbone or top of the animal.
Duct
A tube-like channel that provides an exit route for secretory or excretory products.
Edema
An abnormal accumulation of fluid, wither localized or generalized, within the tissues or cavities of the body.
Effusion
Excess fluid that has escaped into a body cavity to the detriment of normal body function
Elastic cartilage
Yellow cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, except that it is more opaque and contains many elastic fibers. Found in the external ear and in the epiglottis.
Elastic connective
tissue
Connective tissue is composed of large numbers of elastic fibers; found in tissues that expand and contract, such as the lungs and vocal cords.
Elastic fiber
Fibers composed of elastin. Elastic fibers form a delicate mesh in tissues.
Endocrine gland
Glands or cells that release their regulatory products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands control most metabolic functions. Ex pituitary, parathyroid, and pancrease.
Endothelium
Derived from mesothelium, the endothelium is composed of simple squamous epithelium. It lines the heart, blood vessels, and serous cavities of the body.
Epithelial tissue
A collection of tissues that are made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces. These cells may be in single layers or multilayered and can regenerate quickly.
Epithelialization
The rapid division of the epithelial cells around a wound edge. This attempts to over the opening of a wound. This process is assisted by the contraction of collagen fibers, which bring the edges of the epithelial layer into close opposition.
Excretion
The elimination of waste materials from the cell or body.
Excretory duct
Ducts that transport waste products or secretions out of an organ or gland.
Exocrine gland
Glands that release their secretions through ducts that lead directly to the location intended to the controlled. Ex sweat and salivary glands
Extracellular fiber
The fibers of connective tissue located outside cells that perform a variety of functions depending on the degree of their elasticity or concentration.
Extracellular matrix
The nonliving substance found between cells that provides support and nourishment.
Exudate
The accumulation of fluid, pus, or serum in a cavity or tissue. Fluid or serum has often leaked through vessel walls or capillaries into the adjoining space.
Fascia
An arrangement of dense regular connective tissue that lies over muscle. This layer helps to support, separate, and connect muscles to other structures.
Fibrin
A protein created when thrombin acts on fibrinogen. Fibrin is essential to the coagulation of blood. It forms a lattice of interwoven fibers around blood cells and platelets that solidify to form a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
A protein formed in the liver and released into the bloodstream, especially in the presence of inflammatory processes. Fibrinogen, when acted on by thrombin, forms fibrin, which creates the meshwork of a blood clot.
Fixed cell
One of the two subdivisions of connective tissue cells. Fixed cells are stationary within the connective tissue and perform functions such as matrix production and regulation.
Gap Junction
Proteinaceous pores that exist in the intestinal epithelial cells most animals. These pores allow the passage of nutrients, as well as providing a channel for intercellular communication.
Glandular epithelium
Epithelial tissue composed of one cell (goblet cell) or groups of cells that produce and secrete substances into the lumen.
Goblet cell
A type of cell, located in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, that secretes mucus.
Granulation tissue
The new vascular and cellular tissue formed during the restoration of wounded tissue. It mostly consists of connective tissue and new blood vessels.
Ground substance
The shapeless, viscous matrix present in connective tissue in which cells receive nutrients and void waste products. It also helps to protect the body from infectious agents by acting as a barrier.
Histology
The microscopic study of the structure of tissues and organs; microanatomy.
Hock
Ankle joint, or tarsus; joins the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus of birds.
Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes.
Hyaline Cartilage
A bluish, translucent cartilage present in the costal cartilage, trachea, and embryonic skeleton.
Composed of densely packed collagen fibers and is covered by the perichondrium, except when present as articular cartilage in joints.
Hyaluronic acid
A small protein containing no sulfate that acts as an intercellular material present in the zonula adherens. It is important in the formation of tight junctions.
Inflammation
The first step in the healing process when the body is injured. Its purpose is to “clean up” the damaged area through various inflammatory processes so healing can begin.
Lamina propria
The areolar connective tissue located in the mucous membranes.
Lateral
Away form the median plane of the of the body
Loose connective
tissue
A subclass of connective tissue proper, loose connective tissue is a vascularized type of connective tissue whose general function is to support the structures it surrounds.
Ex. Areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues
Lumen
The opening in the middle of the intestinal tract or any hollow organ.
Macrophage
Phagocytic cells that can engulf relatively large cells or bits of debris. May be fixed or travel around in tissues. Mature macrophages can be more mobile during infection and inflammation.
Medial
Toward the median plane
Mesoderm
The middle layer of fetal body tissues. Located between the outer layer (ectoderm) and the inner layer (endoderm), the mesoderm gives rise to all connective and muscle tissues.
Mesothelium
A layer of cells that lines the body cavities of the fetus and that covers the serous membranes in adult animals.
Microvilli
Fingerlike protrusions of the luminal surfaces of some epithelial cell membranes that increase a cell’s exposed surface area.
Mucin
The main constituent of mucus, produced by goblet cells in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. It is composed of proteoglycans.
Mucosae
A mucous membrane
the inner layer of the intestinal tract
Mucous membrane
The mucus-producing layer of stratified squamous or columnar epithelium found over the lamina propria.
Found in digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts with the exception of the urinary tract.
Mucous secretion
Viscous secretions composed mostly of glycoproteins
Muscle tissue
A collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials. Voluntary (skeletal muscles) and Involuntary (cardiac) movement.
Myoepithelial cell
Cells in the mammary glands that have characteristics of both muscle cells and epithelial cells. They surround the alveoli and small ducts of the glands.
When stimulated by the hormone oxytocin, they contract, squeezing milk down into the large ducts and sinuses
Nervous tissue
A collection of tissues that collect, process, and convey information. Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Organ
A group of tissues that work together for common purposes.
Palmar
The caudal surface of the forelimb from the carpus distally.
Paramecium
A single-celled ciliated protozoan
Parietal layer
The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lines the thorax or abdomen, respectively.
Perichondrium
The fibrous connective tissue surrounding the external surface of cartilage. The perichondrium is vascularized and provides a limited amount of nutrition to the cartilage.
Peritoneal fluid
A fluid secreted by the peritoneum in the abdomen. It lubricates the internal organs as they move over one another.
Physiology
The study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. We can describe how parts of the body works and what their functions are.
Plantar
The caudal surface of the hindlimbs from the tarsus distally.
Plasma
The liquid matrix of blood, which contains proteins and suspended cells. Plasma also contains diffused gasses, electrolytes, and a variety of biochemicals.
Pleura
The thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers the thoracic organs (the visceral layer of pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (the parietal layer of pleura). A potential space between the two layers contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that allows the thoracic structures to slide smoothly over each other as they and the thorax itself move.
Polar
Having the quality of defined direction.
opposite
Proximal
Position or direction toward the body proper.
Pseudostratified
Single-layered columnar cells that appear to be stratified because of the positioning of their nuclei. These epithelia are often ciliated and are good at moving material across their surfaces.
Reticular connective
tissue
Connective tissue composed of networks of reticular fibers and cells; found principally in bone marrow, lymph nodes, blood vessels, liver, and kidney.
Reticular fiber
Extremely fine fibers in reticular connective tissue.
Rostral
Toward the tip of the nose.
Sagittal plane
Anatomic reference plane. It runs lengthwise, dividing the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.
Sebaceous gland
Simple holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum through the hair follicle.
Secretion
The process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful product; also used to refer to the product itself.
Secretory unit
The portion of a multicellular exocrine gland that is composed of secretory cells and produces a secretion.
Serosae
The outermost layer of the intestinal tract.
Serous membrane
A membrane that lines a serous cavity, such as the thorax or abdomen. Serous fluid produced by serous membranes helps lubricate organs.
Serous secretion
Thin, watery secretions; transudates.
Simple epithelium
Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells.
Skeletal muscle
Multinucleated, striated, voluntary muscle that enables conscious movement of an animal; the type of muscle that moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious control.
Smooth muscle
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle having only one nucleus per cell; the type of muscle found in soft internal organs and structures.
Specialized
connective tissue
Tissue including bone, blood, and cartilage. Specialized connective tissue may be subdivided into supportive connective tissue, which includes bone and cartilage, and vascular connective tissue, including blood.
Squamous cell
Flat cells that make up squamous epithelia.
Stratified epithelium
Epithelium composed of layers of cells.
Stroma
The foundation-supporting tissues of organs.
Submucosa
The second innermost layer of the intestinal tract; lies between the mucosa and the muscle layer.
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body or a body part.
Thorax
Another name for thoracic, or chest cavity.
Tight junction
A type of intercellular connection that is impermeable to leaks. Passage of extracellular substances can occur only through te cell itself. Tight junctions are formed by the fusion of one cell’s plasma membrane to another cell’s plasma membrane.
Tissue
A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same function. The four basic tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
Transitional
epithelium
Epithithelium that can stretch and contract without damage. Found lining the urinary bladder and ureters. Appearance varies depending on the level of tension on the tissue.
Transverse plane
An anatomic reference plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal.
Tubular gland
Secretory unit of exocrine glands either containing or composed of tubules.
Tubuloacinar / Tubuloalveolar
Referring to secretory units of exocrine glands that possess both tubular and acinar (or alveolar) parts.
Ventral
Toward the bottom surface or belly of an animal
Visceral layer
The layer of pleura or peritoneum that lies directly on the surface of organs in the thorax or abdomen.
White adipose tissue
White fat
Found commonly throughout the body.
White adipose tissue
White fat
Found commonly throughout the body. Used for thermoregulation, protection, and support of the body and its organs. Storage compartment for lipids. Highly vascularized so that the lipids contained within can be easily converted to energy via triglyceride metabolism.
