WK 6.2 Neuroendocrine disorders Flashcards
1.What is the neuroendocrine system made of?
2. What does the Neuroendocrine system do?
1.Made of sets of neurons, glands and non-endocrine tissue and hormones
- Registers, transduces, and interprets important signals from the internal and external environment
1.What is the hypothalamus?
2.What is its role?
1.Main link between CNS and the Endocrine system
2.Receives sensory input and responds by sending autonomic or hormonal signals to maintain balance.
What do the two lobe of the pituitary gland do?
-The anterior lobe produces and secretes hormones
-The posterior lobe release two hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus
1.What are the NE axes
2.What are the 3 times of axes
1.Axes provide structural and functional basis for interactions between brain, hormones, and glands
2.Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis
What doe NE cells do?
release of biologically activesubstances
Where are DNC cells found
Thought the body as isolated cells(GIT) or forming aggregates (Pancreas)
What are some Hypothalamic pituitary acid disorders ?
- Traumatic brain injury
- Central diabetes insipidus
- Autoimmune pituitary disorders
What are neoplasm disorders
*Adrenal cancer
*Lung neuroendocrinetumours
*Pancreatic neuroendocrinetumours
What are the neuroendocrine abnormalities disorders?
*Parkinson disease
*Eating disorders
*Schizophrenia
What are the causes of hypothalamic dysfunction?
- Brain tumours
- Traumatic brain injury
- Infection
*Radiotherapy
*Cocaine addiction
What are the clinical evaluations for suspected hypothalamic dysfunction?
-Measuring serum concentration of pituitary hormones, oestrogen and thyroid hormone
-Brain imaging
-Autoimmune markers
What are the complication of Hypothalamic dysfunction?
Increase intracranial pressure- seizures and headaches
Hormonal deficiencies - leading to Heart problems and infertility
What is Diabetes Insipidus and what does it cause?
*Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH or lack or response of ADH
* It prevent kidney from concentration the urine leading to excess urea or excess thirst
What is primary polydipsia?
Normal ADH but excessive drinking of water leading to excessive urine production
What is Nephrogenic DI and how is it caused?
*Collecting ducts don’t respond to ADH in the blood stream
*Caused by drugs- lithium and mutation on the AVPR2 gene on chromosome X
What is cranial DI and how is it caused ?
*Hypothalamus doesn’t reproduce ADH for the pituitary gland
* Caused by Brain tumours, TB and head injuries
What are the other causes of DI?
*Idiopathic- most common
*Injury to hypothalamic nuclei
*Infiltrative disorders
How is DI diagnosed?
Serum sodium concentration = High
Water deprivation test to distinguish
Genetic testing (Infants and young children)-MRI and pituitary hormone concentration
How does water deprivation test work and what do the results mean ?
Patient should not drink water or any fluids for 12 hrs
Serum and urine osmolarity measured every 2 hours
Normal urine= polydipsia
Low urine & high serum=Nephrogenic
How can DI be managed?
- Replacement therapy
*Treating underlying cause first
What is Carcinoid Syndrome?
Set of symptoms who the Neuroendocrine tumours secretes excess amounts of hormones which cause symptoms like shortness of breath and diarrhoea
1.What does NET release?
2.Where are they found?
3.How many people are diagnosed?
1.It release histamine, prostaglandins and serotonin (40 different ones)
2.Found in GIT and lungs
3. 4,000 equal rates from male and female
How is Carcinoid diagnosed and what are thee treatments?
Blood test
Urinalysis
CT/MRI scan
Treatment- reduce emotional stress and alcohol
