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Pathopharmacology II > Wk 4 Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Wk 4 Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of meningitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Infectious meningitis potential etiologies (3)

A

Respiratory infection (PNA)
Bloodstream
Penetrating wound to CSF or brain

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3
Q

What are the two most common bacteria that cause meningitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

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4
Q

What type of viruses are the most common that cause meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses

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5
Q

What else can cause infection meningitis?

A

Fungi, parasites, or toxins

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6
Q

The meninges are three layers that…

A

Protect the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid
Dura mater

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8
Q

What is the inner layer of the meninges?

A

Pia mater

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9
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid

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10
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

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11
Q

What layer of the meninges is filled with spinal fluid?

A

Arachnoid

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12
Q

Meningitis is primarily inflammation of the…

A

Pia mater and subarachnoid space

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13
Q

What time of the year does meningitis usually occur?

A

In the fall or winter

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14
Q

What type of infections does meningitis usually follow?

A

Otitis
Sinusitis
Immunocompromised state -PNA

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15
Q

How is meningitis spread?

A

Respiratory droplet and contact with contaminated saliva or respiratory secretions

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16
Q

Some patients can become __ of the meningococcal bacteria

A

carriers

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17
Q

What is the disease process of meningitis?

A

Bacteriums are inhaled and attach to the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx and then enter the bloodstream. They travel to the brain and cross the BBB to infect the meninges

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18
Q

Pneumococcal meningitis typically affects…

A

Younger persons, or those over 40

College students, military bases, prisons

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19
Q

How can pneumococcal meningitis be prevented?

A

Vaccine for high risk populations

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20
Q

Where does the infection of meningitis typically start?

A

Subarachnoid space and CSF

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21
Q

What does meningitis lead to?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

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22
Q

What is the classic triad of meningitis?

A

Fever
Headache
Stiff neck

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23
Q

The headache a patient with meningitis experiences if often described as a __ headache

A

throbbing

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24
Q

What are the additional s/s of meningitis?

A 
N/V
Photophobia
Altered LOC
Seizures
Skin rash
Petechiae
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25
Q

What s/s are specific to meningococcus?

A

Skin rash

Petechiae

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26
Q

What are two physical assessments that can be done to assess for meningitis?

A

Kernig sign

Brudzinski sign

27
Q

What is a positive Kernig sign?

A

Resistance to leg extension

28
Q

What is a positive Brudzinski sign?

A

Neck flexion causes hip/knee flexion

29
Q

What type of meningitis is more fatal?

A

Bacterial, especially if treatment is not started quickly

30
Q

What is the most common form of meningitis?

A

Bacterial

31
Q

Bacterial meningitis can kill a patient within __

A

hours

32
Q

You should never do what as a nurse concerning a patient with bacterial meningitis?

A

Withhold antibiotics

33
Q

How do you differentiate between a petechiae rash and other types?

A

If you press against rash (with glass, or something clear) and it doesn’t fade then it is petechiae/purpura

34
Q

What are 3 potential long-term effects of bacterial meningitis?

A

hearing loss
seizures
brain damage

35
Q

Viral meningitis is a __ form…

A

milder, don’t even see leukocytosis

36
Q

What are the long-term effects of viral meningitis?

A

Typically there are none

37
Q

Severe bacterial meningitis can cause __ __, and patients can lose fingers/toes/limbs

A

Septic emboli

38
Q

What are the two most common antibiotics given to treat bacterial meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

Vancomycin

39
Q

What is the brand name of ceftriaxone?

A

Rocephin

40
Q

When is vancomycin used to treat bacterial meningitis?

A

In patients who have MRSA

41
Q

Why is acyclovir used in patients with bacterial meningitis?

A

Prophylactic for herpatic encephalitis, will be stopped once non-viral cause confirmed

42
Q

What is the mainstay of treatment for bacterial meningitis?

A

Aggressive abx therapy

Steroids

43
Q

What 3 vaccines are recommended to prevent meningitis?

A

Meningococcus
Pneumococcus
H. influenzae

44
Q

What is the definition of encephalitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the brain

45
Q

Encephalitis is almost always caused by a __

A

virus

46
Q

What viruses can cause encephalitis?

A 
West Nile
Measles 
Chicken pox
Mumps
Herpes 1
47
Q

What is herpatic encephalitis?

A

HSV 1 causing rapid encephalitis, even causing death

48
Q

When do s/s appear with encephalitis?

A

2-3 days after infection

49
Q

The s/s of encephalitis can range from…

A

mild to seizures, coma

50
Q

What are the additional s/s of encephalitis?

A

Fever
Headache
N/V

51
Q

What is the brand name for acyclovir?

A

Zovira

52
Q

What is NOT a benefit of acyclovir for encephalitis?

A

Only works for HSV, doesn’t reduce other neurological complications

53
Q

What are supportive therapies used in the treatment of encephalitis?

A

Fluids
Acetaminophen
Anti-emetics
Anti-seizure meds

54
Q

Why is someone with encephalitis at risk for seizures?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

55
Q

What is an accumulation of pus in the brain tissue?

A

Brain abscess

56
Q

What causes a brain abscess?

A 
Local infection (encephalitis)
Systemic infection
57
Q

Most brain abscesses come from an infection of the…

A

Ear, tooth, mastoid, or sinuses

58
Q

What are the most common etiologies?

A

Streptococci or staph aureus

59
Q

Brain abscess can cause a brain __ __ because of the increased pressure

A

midline shift

60
Q

What might a surgeon do to treat a brain abscess?

A

Drain the exudate and instill antibiotics

61
Q

What are the s/s of a brain abscess?

A

Headache
Fever
N/V

62
Q

What s/s would lead to suspect increased ICP due to the brain abscess?

A

Drowsiness
Confusion
Seizures

63
Q

Brain abscess: Focal symptoms may reflect the area that the abscess is in. Example-

A

Temporal lobe = visual field deficits

Pathopharmacology II (12 decks)

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