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Pathopharmacology II > Wk 3 Parkinson's > Flashcards

Wk 3 Parkinson's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Progressive, degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia function

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2
Q

What is Parkinson’s characterized by? (3)

A

Tremors
Rigidity
Bradykinesia

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3
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of movement

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4
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Makes smooth, coordinated movement

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6
Q

What in the basal ganglia are we particularly concerned with in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra in the basal ganglia has cells that produce dopamine

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7
Q

What is primary Parkinson’s?

A

Idiopathic, and genetic or sporadic

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8
Q

What is secondary Parkinson’s? (4)

A 
Acquired through...
Infection
Intoxication 
Trauma
Drug induced
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9
Q

What is the most common type of Parkinson’s?

A

Primary

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10
Q

What type of drugs can cause secondary Parkinson’s?

A

Antidepressants and anti-emetics

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11
Q

What is the most common secondary form of Parkinson’s?

A

Drug induced, can be reversed if drugs are stopped

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12
Q

Any drug that can interfere with __ transmission can cause Parkinson’s.

A

dopamine

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13
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease begin?

A

After the age of 40

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14
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease progress?

A

After the age of 60

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15
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease peak?

A

After the age of 70

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16
Q

Parkinson’s is more common in what gender?

A

Males > Women 3:2

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17
Q

Parkinson’s can be passed genetically as a __ or __ trait

A

dominant or recessive

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18
Q

The familial form accounts for about __% of primary Parkinson’s

A

10%

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19
Q

What are 3 other emerging risk factors of Parkinson’s?

A

Anxiety/depression - alters dopamine
Head trauma
Hysterectomy

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20
Q

What is a protective factor against Parkinson’s?

A

Coffee consumption

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21
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They allow communication between neurons, travel across the synapse, and either block or relay the transmission of a stimulus

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22
Q

Dopamine has effects that are both __ and __

A

inhibitory and excitatory

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23
Q

What does the effect dopamine has depend on?

A

Type of receptor that the dopamine is binding to

24
Q

With Parkinson’s, what effects are changed?

A

Inhibitory effects are lacking

25
Q

Dopamine helps control movement and __

A

balance

26
Q

Dopamine helps the muscles to move…

A

smoothly, controllably, and without unwanted movements by inhibiting unwanted movements

27
Q

What type of transmitter is acetylcholine?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

28
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Stimulate muscle movements and can cause unwanted movements

29
Q

Acetylcholine is essential for __ functioning

A

muscle

30
Q

Acetylcholine works with dopamine and must be…

A

in balance to work effectively

31
Q

If dopamine decreases while acetylcholine stays the same, what happens?

A

Coordinated movements decrease and unwanted movements increase

32
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, there is too much __ in relation to __

A

ach, dopamine

33
Q

In primary Parkinson’s disease there is damage to the…

A

Dopamine producing cells

34
Q

In secondary Parkinson’s disease, there is a change in the…

A

Production of dopamine, something has altered it

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of primary Parkinson’s disease?

A

destruction of substantia nigra in basal ganglia which leads to relative excess of ach

36
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (6)?

A 
Bradykinesia
Cogwheel rigidity
Resting tremor
Shuffling gait
Mask-like expression
Postural instability
37
Q

What is cogwheel rigidity?

A

Muscle rigidity with resting, can’t relax arm

38
Q

What does the resting tremor typically look like with Parkinson’s?

A

Pill rolling, looks like they are rolling a pill between their fingers

39
Q

What is a shuffling gait?

A

Patient doesn’t lift their feet when walking

40
Q

Parkinson’s initially may involve only…

A

one side of the body

41
Q

What is the classic symptom triad of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia

42
Q

What is typically the first sign of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor

43
Q

The tremor is more prominent…

A

at rest

44
Q

The tremor is aggravated by…

A

stress or concentration

45
Q

What are 3 characteristics of ESSENTIAL tremors?

A

Results from faulty neurological impulses
Tremors occur with motor function
No other manifestations of Parkinson’s

46
Q

What are 3 characteristics of PARKINSON’S tremors?

A

Results from dopamine deficiency
Tremors occur with rest and improve with movement
Presents with other manifestations of Parkinson’s

47
Q

What is the definition of rigidity?

A

Resistance of passive movement

48
Q

How does cogwheel rigidity present?

A

Movements are slow and jerky

49
Q

Why does the rigidity occur in Parkinson’s?

A

Results from too much dopamine to ach

Sustained muscle contractions

50
Q

What symptoms to patients complain of in relation to their muscle rigidity?

A

Muscle soreness
Aches
Pain

51
Q

What is bradykinesia defined as?

A

Loss of automatic movements

52
Q

What are 4 examples of bradykinesia?

A

No blinking, swinging of arms, swallowing of saliva (drooling), no self expression with face or hands

53
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s have an overall lack of __ __

A

spontaneous movements

54
Q

What are 4 complications associated with Parkinson’s disease? (4 Ds)

A

Dementia
Depression/Anxiety
Decrease mobility
Drug-related complications

55
Q

What are 5 sub complications of decreased mobility that a patient with Parkinson’s may suffer from?

A 
Malnutrition
Aspiration
Pneumonia
UTIs
Skin breakdown
56
Q

Patient’s with Parkinson’s can start to develop __ bodies that spread and cause dementia

A

Lewy

Pathopharmacology II (12 decks)

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