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Pathopharmacology II > Wk 3 Parkinson's > Flashcards

Wk 3 Parkinson's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Progressive, degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia function

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2
Q

What is Parkinson’s characterized by? (3)

A

Tremors
Rigidity
Bradykinesia

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3
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of movement

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4
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Makes smooth, coordinated movement

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6
Q

What in the basal ganglia are we particularly concerned with in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra in the basal ganglia has cells that produce dopamine

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7
Q

What is primary Parkinson’s?

A

Idiopathic, and genetic or sporadic

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8
Q

What is secondary Parkinson’s? (4)

A 
Acquired through...
Infection
Intoxication 
Trauma
Drug induced
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9
Q

What is the most common type of Parkinson’s?

A

Primary

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10
Q

What type of drugs can cause secondary Parkinson’s?

A

Antidepressants and anti-emetics

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11
Q

What is the most common secondary form of Parkinson’s?

A

Drug induced, can be reversed if drugs are stopped

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12
Q

Any drug that can interfere with __ transmission can cause Parkinson’s.

A

dopamine

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13
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease begin?

A

After the age of 40

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14
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease progress?

A

After the age of 60

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15
Q

When does Parkinson’s disease peak?

A

After the age of 70

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16
Q

Parkinson’s is more common in what gender?

A

Males > Women 3:2

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17
Q

Parkinson’s can be passed genetically as a __ or __ trait

A

dominant or recessive

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18
Q

The familial form accounts for about __% of primary Parkinson’s

A

10%

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19
Q

What are 3 other emerging risk factors of Parkinson’s?

A

Anxiety/depression - alters dopamine
Head trauma
Hysterectomy

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20
Q

What is a protective factor against Parkinson’s?

A

Coffee consumption

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21
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They allow communication between neurons, travel across the synapse, and either block or relay the transmission of a stimulus

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22
Q

Dopamine has effects that are both __ and __

A

inhibitory and excitatory

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23
Q

What does the effect dopamine has depend on?

A

Type of receptor that the dopamine is binding to

24
Q

With Parkinson’s, what effects are changed?

A

Inhibitory effects are lacking

25
Dopamine helps control movement and __
balance
26
Dopamine helps the muscles to move...
smoothly, controllably, and without unwanted movements by inhibiting unwanted movements
27
What type of transmitter is acetylcholine?
Excitatory neurotransmitter
28
What does acetylcholine do?
Stimulate muscle movements and can cause unwanted movements
29
Acetylcholine is essential for __ functioning
muscle
30
Acetylcholine works with dopamine and must be...
in balance to work effectively
31
If dopamine decreases while acetylcholine stays the same, what happens?
Coordinated movements decrease and unwanted movements increase
32
In Parkinson's disease, there is too much __ in relation to __
ach, dopamine
33
In primary Parkinson's disease there is damage to the...
Dopamine producing cells
34
In secondary Parkinson's disease, there is a change in the...
Production of dopamine, something has altered it
35
What is the pathogenesis of primary Parkinson's disease?
destruction of substantia nigra in basal ganglia which leads to relative excess of ach
36
What are the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease (6)?
``` Bradykinesia Cogwheel rigidity Resting tremor Shuffling gait Mask-like expression Postural instability ```
37
What is cogwheel rigidity?
Muscle rigidity with resting, can't relax arm
38
What does the resting tremor typically look like with Parkinson's?
Pill rolling, looks like they are rolling a pill between their fingers
39
What is a shuffling gait?
Patient doesn't lift their feet when walking
40
Parkinson's initially may involve only...
one side of the body
41
What is the classic symptom triad of Parkinson's disease?
Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia
42
What is typically the first sign of Parkinson's?
Tremor
43
The tremor is more prominent...
at rest
44
The tremor is aggravated by...
stress or concentration
45
What are 3 characteristics of ESSENTIAL tremors?
Results from faulty neurological impulses Tremors occur with motor function No other manifestations of Parkinson's
46
What are 3 characteristics of PARKINSON'S tremors?
Results from dopamine deficiency Tremors occur with rest and improve with movement Presents with other manifestations of Parkinson's
47
What is the definition of rigidity?
Resistance of passive movement
48
How does cogwheel rigidity present?
Movements are slow and jerky
49
Why does the rigidity occur in Parkinson's?
Results from too much dopamine to ach | Sustained muscle contractions
50
What symptoms to patients complain of in relation to their muscle rigidity?
Muscle soreness Aches Pain
51
What is bradykinesia defined as?
Loss of automatic movements
52
What are 4 examples of bradykinesia?
No blinking, swinging of arms, swallowing of saliva (drooling), no self expression with face or hands
53
Patients with Parkinson's have an overall lack of __ __
spontaneous movements
54
What are 4 complications associated with Parkinson's disease? (4 Ds)
Dementia Depression/Anxiety Decrease mobility Drug-related complications
55
What are 5 sub complications of decreased mobility that a patient with Parkinson's may suffer from?
``` Malnutrition Aspiration Pneumonia UTIs Skin breakdown ```
56
Patient's with Parkinson's can start to develop __ bodies that spread and cause dementia
Lewy

Pathopharmacology II (12 decks)

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