Wk 13: Thyroid + parathyroid glands 1 + 2

Question 1

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 1

• Primary: Excess secretion PTH from 1/more parathyroid glands
• Secondary: Inc PTH secondary to chronic disease

Question 2

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 2

• Abnormally low PTH

- Parathyroid damage in surgery

Question 3

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 3

• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Vom
• HT

Question 4

What are the treatments for hypercalcemic crisis?

Answer 4

• IV fluid
• Phosphate therapy
• Calcitonin
• Dialysis

Question 5

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 5

Due to hypocalcemia + hyperphosphatemia:

Numbness, tingling, cramps + bronchospasm

Question 6

What is the immediate management of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 6

• Calcium gluconate

- Vitamin D

Question 7

How is thyroid hormones synthesised?

Answer 7

• Iodide captured from blood + moved to lumen by NIS + pendrin
• Iodide oxidised + incorporated into thyroglobulin catalysed by thyroid peroxidase - requires hydrogen peroxide
• Tyrosine iodinated at position 3 (MIT) or 5 (DIT)
• Coupled to form T3 (MIT + DIT) or T4 (2 DIT)
• Thyroglobulin taken up by follicle cell via endocytosis + fuse w/ lysosome, releasing T4 + 3

Question 8

What are the clinical features of graves’ disease?

Answer 8

• Hyperthyroidism
• Goiter
• Ophthalmopathy

Question 9

What are the symptoms of thyroid storm?

Answer 9

• High fever
• Tachycardia
• Angina

Question 10

What are the signs + symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

• Bradycardia
• Constipation
• Cold intolerance
• Coarse, dry skin + hair
• Weight gain

Question 11

What are the signs + symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

• Tachycardia
• Diarrhea
• Heat intolerance
• Thin + silky skin + hair
• Weight Loss