Wk 1 Cellular Adaptation + Gangrene Flashcards
Cellular adaptation
changes that your bodies cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
- normal and abnormal changes
Cell change
can change their size or form
- can be normal physiologic process (pregnancy, muscles)
Atrophy
decreased or shrinking cell size
- once a certain # of cells do this in a particular area or organ, the entire organ can be atrophic
Physiologic atrophy
related to a developmental issue (less common)
Pathologic atrophy
related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions
- nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
Atrophied cells
have decreased protein synthesis (building) and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of a cell and can increase function of the cell
- typically in response to mechanical stimuli -> repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload
- muscle and skeletal cells do this naturally
Negative hypertrophy
heart + kidney most prone
- negative adaptation
- heart muscle becomes too thick
Hyperplasia
increased NUMBER of cells
- results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolong injury or severe injury
- generally negative thing
Hyperplasia cells
Only cells who have the ability to divide
- normally skin (epidermal), intestinal epithelium, glandular cells
Normal hyperplasia
physiologic hyperplasia
- pregnancy related changes
- wound healing
Pathologic hyperplasia
- common in cancers
- or abnormal hormonal stimulation
Dysplasia
abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
- normally related to atypical hyperplasia
Dysplasia + neoplastic growths
Cancerous cells
- however dysplasia DOES NOT EQUAL cancer
- typically classified as mild, moderate, severe
- can be reversible
- inflammation + chronic irritation associated with dysplasia
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another
- often the replacement is less specific to that area (less differentiated)
- meta = change
- cell type is changing, most likely less specific
Pathologic metaplasia
- can be pathologic response to chronic irritation and inflammation
- can predispose to cancer
- allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment
- IS REVERSIBLE
- more related to cancer than dysplasia
Neoplasia
cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes
- usually because of gene mutation
Anaplasia
cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form
- associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors
- CANCER CELLS
Cancer + cells
uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiate
Benign neoplasms
- differentiated cells (less anaplastic)
- reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
- more like normal cells and unable to metastasize
- grow slowly
- frequently encapsulated
- do not usually cause problems unless in an area that is sensitive to compression such as the brain
Malignant/Cancer neoplasms
- undifferentiated cells/more anaplastic
- reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
- often metastasize (sites near primary site or distant)
- no capsule
Necrosis
cell death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
- irreversible
- leads to swelling
- bursting of cell
- inflammation
Ischemic necrosis
due to infarction
- prolonged ischemia
- absence of blood flow to area
- can lead to gangrene
Liquid necrosis
- necrotic cells can become liquid and be called liquefactive necrosis
- cells are digested by enzymes and become liquified
Liquid necrosis spots
lungs, brain = typical in organs that have a lot of lipids or abscess with lots of acute inflammatory cells
Gangrene
large mass of tissue usually related to the disruption of major blood supply to an area AND bacterial invasion
Gangrene spots
legs, toes, feet, peripheral vascular disease + diabetes
Gangrene types
dry, wet, and gas
Dry gangrene
minimal bacteria present
blackened, dry, wrinkled
slow spread, not huge inflammatory spot
Demarcation line
line between dry gangrene and healthy tissue
Wet gangrene
- liquefaction necrosis
- foul smelling
- rapid spread
- can be systemic symptoms
- more common in internal organs
- moist, pulseless, swollen, can have - - blisters
- no line of demarcation
Gas gangrene
- from clostridium perfringens (found in soil)
- destroys connective tissue and cellular membranes
- gaseous bubbles
