Wk 1 Cellular Adaptation + Gangrene Flashcards
Cellular adaptation
changes that your bodies cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
- normal and abnormal changes
Cell change
can change their size or form
- can be normal physiologic process (pregnancy, muscles)
Atrophy
decreased or shrinking cell size
- once a certain # of cells do this in a particular area or organ, the entire organ can be atrophic
Physiologic atrophy
related to a developmental issue (less common)
Pathologic atrophy
related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions
- nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
Atrophied cells
have decreased protein synthesis (building) and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)
Hypertrophy
increase in the size of a cell and can increase function of the cell
- typically in response to mechanical stimuli -> repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload
- muscle and skeletal cells do this naturally
Negative hypertrophy
heart + kidney most prone
- negative adaptation
- heart muscle becomes too thick
Hyperplasia
increased NUMBER of cells
- results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolong injury or severe injury
- generally negative thing
Hyperplasia cells
Only cells who have the ability to divide
- normally skin (epidermal), intestinal epithelium, glandular cells
Normal hyperplasia
physiologic hyperplasia
- pregnancy related changes
- wound healing
Pathologic hyperplasia
- common in cancers
- or abnormal hormonal stimulation
Dysplasia
abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
- normally related to atypical hyperplasia
Dysplasia + neoplastic growths
Cancerous cells
- however dysplasia DOES NOT EQUAL cancer
- typically classified as mild, moderate, severe
- can be reversible
- inflammation + chronic irritation associated with dysplasia
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another
- often the replacement is less specific to that area (less differentiated)
- meta = change
- cell type is changing, most likely less specific
Pathologic metaplasia
- can be pathologic response to chronic irritation and inflammation
- can predispose to cancer
- allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment
- IS REVERSIBLE
- more related to cancer than dysplasia
Neoplasia
cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes
- usually because of gene mutation
Anaplasia
cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form
- associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors
- CANCER CELLS
Cancer + cells
uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiate
Benign neoplasms
- differentiated cells (less anaplastic)
- reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
- more like normal cells and unable to metastasize
- grow slowly
- frequently encapsulated
- do not usually cause problems unless in an area that is sensitive to compression such as the brain
Malignant/Cancer neoplasms
- undifferentiated cells/more anaplastic
- reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
- often metastasize (sites near primary site or distant)
- no capsule
Necrosis
cell death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
- irreversible
- leads to swelling
- bursting of cell
- inflammation
Ischemic necrosis
due to infarction
- prolonged ischemia
- absence of blood flow to area
- can lead to gangrene
Liquid necrosis
- necrotic cells can become liquid and be called liquefactive necrosis
- cells are digested by enzymes and become liquified
