Week 1 Intro

Question 1

Pharmocology

Answer 1

The study of the biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals/medications) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What happens to drugs in the body, “what is going on in our body once we take that medication”

Question 3

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

• Mechanism of action
• Effects on the body
• “what the drug does to the body”

Question 4

Chemical Name

Answer 4

long + complex, research name
ex: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

Question 5

Generic name

Answer 5

official name of drug, only 1 name, lower case
ex: acetaminophen

Question 6

Trade name

Answer 6

given by pharmaceutical company, official name, Uppercase
ex: Tylenol

Question 7

Prototype/Prototypical Drug

Answer 7

One drug – typically the first – that represents a group or class of medication
- new drugs in the class are compared to the prototype, effectiveness + side effects

Question 8

Examples of Prototype

Answer 8

ibuprofen/Advil - represents the class NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), original
- other manufacturers such as Kroger or Walmart get compared to prototype

Question 9

Therapeutic Effects

Answer 9

“what we intend for the drug to do, what we want to happen”
intended effects of the drug

Question 10

Side effects

Answer 10

Unintended effects, unavoidable from normal dose of medication

Question 11

Toxicities

Answer 11

Harmful effects

Question 12

Adverse effects

Answer 12

Unexpected reaction, dangerous reaction

Question 13

Allergic reaction

Answer 13

unexpected, can be dangerous, involves an immune system response

Question 14

Classification/Drug Class

Answer 14

Given to describe a group of medications that works similarly (usually by mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or chemical structure)

Question 15

Mechanism of Action

Answer 15

how the drug works in the body

Question 16

Indications

Answer 16

Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?

Question 17

Contraindications

Answer 17

When should we not give this medication

Question 18

Nursing indications

Answer 18

What does the nurse need to worry about with this med? What should be assessed before giving this drug? Are there any serious interactions? Is it a CYP drug?

Question 19

New Drugs Approved

Answer 19

• Approved by the FDA

Question 20

Preclinical trials

Answer 20

tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

Question 21

Phase I studies

Answer 21

healthy human volunteers are used to test the drug
mainly focused on side effects

Question 22

Phase II studies

Answer 22

Drug is tried on pts who actually have the disease the drug is trying to treat

Question 23

Phase III studies

Answer 23

the drug is used in a vast clinical market, prescribers informed of adverse effects and to monitor their patients closely, unexpected responses may occur and drug may be pulled

Question 24

Phase IV studies

Answer 24

basically full market, continued evaluation by the FDA

Question 25

Controlled Substances

Answer 25

potential for abuse - schedule I-V = scale

Question 26

Schedule I

Answer 26

not approved for medical use, high potential for abuse, no reason to prescribe ex: heroin, LSD, ecstasy

Question 27

Schedule II

Answer 27

used medically, but high potential for abuse - narcotics, amphetamines ex: hydromorphone (dilaudid), oxycodone, adderall - NO AUTOMATIC REFILLS ALLOWED, 1 bottle at a time, new prescription each time

Question 28

Schedule III

Answer 28

less potential for abuse non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants ex: ketamine, testosterone, anabolic steroids

Question 29

Schedule IV

Answer 29

some potential for abuse - primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications ex: xanax, valium, ambien

Question 30

Schedule V

Answer 30

low potential for abuse medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives ex: cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications

Question 31

Over the counter medications

Answer 31

over 80 classes, antihistamines, sleep aides, analgesics, antacids - prescriptions strength OTC = same drug available OTC but higher dose like 800mg ibuprofen - consumer MUST be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY

Question 32

OTC must be

Answer 32

safe, low abuse potential, low risk of side effects - some OTC are available only behind counter due to abuse like sudafed (can be used to make meth)

Question 33

Dietary and herbal supplements

Answer 33

can only claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition) ex: St. John's Wort affects emotional balance, not DEPRESSION

Question 34

Adverse interactions between drugs and herbals

Answer 34

Some herbals can INCREASE THE TOXICITY of prescription medication or cause DECREASED THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS - make sure to ask pt about their home supplements

Question 35

Teratogens

Answer 35

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus such as alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine

Question 36

FDA Pregnancy Risk Category A

Answer 36

safe for the fetus

Question 37

FDA Pregnancy Risk Category B

Answer 37

lack of studies to show benefit/risk

Question 38

FDA Pregnancy Risk Category C

Answer 38

no studies, animal studies possible risk, benefit could outweigh risks

Question 39

FDA Pregnancy Risk Category D

Answer 39

drugs that have possible risk to the fetus

Question 40

FDA Pregnancy Risk Category X

Answer 40

drugs that have KNOWN RISK that CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit

Question 41

Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)

Answer 41

Pregnancy, Lactation, Females and Males of Reproductive potential

Question 42

Pregnancy (including labor and delivery)

Answer 42

pregnancy exposure registry, risk summary, clinical considerations, data

Question 43

Lactation

Answer 43

risk summary, clinical considerations, data

Question 44

Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Answer 44

pregnancy testing, contraception, infertility

Question 45

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 45

the study of how genes affects a person's response to drugs

Question 46

Pharmacogenomics combination

Answer 46

relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person's genetic makeup