Week 1 Intro Flashcards
Pharmocology
The study of the biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals/medications) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change
Pharmacokinetics
What happens to drugs in the body, “what is going on in our body once we take that medication”
Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of action
- Effects on the body
- “what the drug does to the body”
Chemical Name
long + complex, research name
ex: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
Generic name
official name of drug, only 1 name, lower case
ex: acetaminophen
Trade name
given by pharmaceutical company, official name, Uppercase
ex: Tylenol
Prototype/Prototypical Drug
One drug – typically the first – that represents a group or class of medication
- new drugs in the class are compared to the prototype, effectiveness + side effects
Examples of Prototype
ibuprofen/Advil - represents the class NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), original
- other manufacturers such as Kroger or Walmart get compared to prototype
Therapeutic Effects
“what we intend for the drug to do, what we want to happen”
intended effects of the drug
Side effects
Unintended effects, unavoidable from normal dose of medication
Toxicities
Harmful effects
Adverse effects
Unexpected reaction, dangerous reaction
Allergic reaction
unexpected, can be dangerous, involves an immune system response
Classification/Drug Class
Given to describe a group of medications that works similarly (usually by mechanism of action, physiologic effect, or chemical structure)
Mechanism of Action
how the drug works in the body
Indications
Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?
Contraindications
When should we not give this medication
Nursing indications
What does the nurse need to worry about with this med? What should be assessed before giving this drug? Are there any serious interactions? Is it a CYP drug?
New Drugs Approved
- Approved by the FDA
Preclinical trials
tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects
Phase I studies
healthy human volunteers are used to test the drug
mainly focused on side effects
Phase II studies
Drug is tried on pts who actually have the disease the drug is trying to treat
Phase III studies
the drug is used in a vast clinical market, prescribers informed of adverse effects and to monitor their patients closely, unexpected responses may occur and drug may be pulled
Phase IV studies
basically full market, continued evaluation by the FDA
Controlled Substances
potential for abuse
- schedule I-V = scale
Schedule I
not approved for medical use, high potential for abuse, no reason to prescribe
ex: heroin, LSD, ecstasy
Schedule II
used medically, but high potential for abuse
- narcotics, amphetamines
ex: hydromorphone (dilaudid), oxycodone, adderall
- NO AUTOMATIC REFILLS ALLOWED, 1 bottle at a time, new prescription each time
Schedule III
less potential for abuse
non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants
ex: ketamine, testosterone, anabolic steroids
Schedule IV
some potential for abuse
- primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications
ex: xanax, valium, ambien
Schedule V
low potential for abuse
medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives
ex: cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications
Over the counter medications
over 80 classes, antihistamines, sleep aides, analgesics, antacids
- prescriptions strength OTC = same drug available OTC but higher dose like 800mg ibuprofen
- consumer MUST be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY
OTC must be
safe, low abuse potential, low risk of side effects
- some OTC are available only behind counter due to abuse like sudafed (can be used to make meth)
Dietary and herbal supplements
can only claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition)
ex: St. John’s Wort affects emotional balance, not DEPRESSION
Adverse interactions between drugs and herbals
Some herbals can INCREASE THE TOXICITY of prescription medication or cause DECREASED THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
- make sure to ask pt about their home supplements
Teratogens
Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus such as alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category A
safe for the fetus
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category B
lack of studies to show benefit/risk
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category C
no studies, animal studies possible risk, benefit could outweigh risks
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category D
drugs that have possible risk to the fetus
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category X
drugs that have KNOWN RISK that CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit
Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)
Pregnancy, Lactation, Females and Males of Reproductive potential
Pregnancy (including labor and delivery)
pregnancy exposure registry, risk summary, clinical considerations, data
Lactation
risk summary, clinical considerations, data
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
pregnancy testing, contraception, infertility
Pharmacogenomics
the study of how genes affects a person’s response to drugs
Pharmacogenomics combination
relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup
