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Pharmacology > Winter Pharm quiz #1 > Flashcards

Winter Pharm quiz #1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 primary receptors upon which antipsychotic drugs act?

A

Antagonist effects on:
5HT2a (serotonin)
D2 (dopamine)

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1
Q

What are the two main neurotransmitters thought to be involved in psychotic behavior?!

A

Dopamine

Serotonin

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2
Q

What are the four disorders referred to as extrapyramidal symptoms?

A
  • Dystonic reactions - muscle spasms, twitching, facial grimacing
  • Akathisia - continuous restless body movement
  • Parkinsonism - muscular rigidity, tremors
  • Tardive dyskinesia -involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, tongue, and extremities.
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3
Q

What are some common side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Anticholinergic

Alpha-adrenergic blocking

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4
Q

What is the difference between reactive depression and major depressive disorder?

A

Reactive (also called exogenous) is caused by external factors (loss of job, unemployment)

MDD originates from within and is more serious. Requires psychotherapy and drug treatment.

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5
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters thought to be involved in depression?

A

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

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6
Q

Define “Monoamine”

A

Pertaining to serotonin and norepinephrine

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7
Q

What does MAOI stand for?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

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8
Q

What is the substance contained in many foods that can cause problems for anyone on MAO inhibitors?

A

Tyramine (found in wine, beer, herring, some cheeses, and other foods)

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9
Q

What is the term used for seizures without cessation?

A

Status epilipticus

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10
Q

What is the name given to the time required to take a patient from consciousness to the point when surgery can be preformed?

A

Induction of General Anesthesia

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11
Q

What is the name given to the ability to keep a patient safely at the anesthetic level so that surgery can be performed?

A

Maintenance of general anesthesia

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12
Q

Define anesthesia

A

The absence of all sensation

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of anesthesia drugs administered via inhalation

A 
Holothane (maintenance)
Nitrous Oxide (induction)
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14
Q

Give 2 examples of anesthesia drugs administered via injection

A

Etomidate (induction)

Propofol (induction and maintenance)

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15
Q

What is the chief inhibitory transmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

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16
Q

What is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

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17
Q

Define epilepsy

A

A condition characterized by a tendency for recurrent (more than 2) unprovoked seizures.

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18
Q

Define status epilipticus

A

Recurrent or continuous seizure activity lasting longer than 5 minutes in which the patient does not regain baseline mental status

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19
Q

What are the 2 classifications of seizures?

A

Partial (focal, local)

Generalized

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20
Q

What are the 2 types og generalized seizures?

A

Tonic-clonic (grand mal)

Absence

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21
Q

List the 4 basic mechanisms by which anti-epileptic drugs work.

A

Suppression of sodium influx
Suppression of calcium influx
Antagonism of glutamate
Potentiation of GABA

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22
Q

List 4 traditional AED’s (anti-epileptic drugs)

A

Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene)
Phenobarbital (barbituate)

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23
Q

Fast potentials occur in which part of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle cells as well as the ventricular conduction system.

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24
Slow potentials occur in which part of the heart?
SA & AV nodes
25
What is the most important ion influx in phase 0 in fast potentials?
Sodium
26
What is the most important ion influx in phase 0 in slow potentials?
Calcium
27
Reentrant pathways can lead to what type of dysrhythmias?
Tachydysrhytmias
28
What ion channel do class I anti-dysrhythmics block?
Sodium
29
Name a class I sodium channel blocker in our profiles.
Lidocaine
30
What are class 2 drugs?
Beta blockers - sympatholytic
31
Name a class 3 drug in our profiles. What ion channel is being blocked?
Amiodarone. Potassium.
32
List 3 newer AED's
Oxycarbamazepine (Trileptal) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Gabapentin (Neurontin)
33
What is Flumazenil? (Romazicon)
It is a benzodiazepine antagonist - controversial due to its potential to develop status epilipticus.
34
What are the 2 principle therapeutic indications for CNS stimulant drugs?
1. ADHD | 2. Narcolepsy
35
List the 3 pharmacological classes of CS stimulants
1. Amphetamines 2. Methylphenidates 3. Methylxanthines
36
What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines?
1. Promotes the release of norepinephrine and dopamine | 2. Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine
37
List 2 examples of amphetamine
Dextroamphetamine (Dexadrine) | Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
38
What are the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating ADHD?
Amphetamines | Methylphenidate
39
What is the trade name of methylphenidate?
Ritalin
40
What is the MOA of methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Makes Dopamine and norepinephrine more available throughout the CNS
41
What are methylxanthines?
A CNS stimulant thought to block adenosine receptors.
42
List 2 methylxanthine drugs
Caffeine | Theophylline
43
What is the MOA of cocaine?
Nihilist reuptake of NE & serotonin
44
What is the DSM?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
45
Name the 3 neurotransmitters most involved in mental disorders (and treatment of mental disorders)
Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin
46
List the 3 main diseases treated with psychotherapeutic medications.
Schizophrenia Bipolar Depression
47
Describe acute Dystonia (Dystonic reaction)
Spasm of tongue, face, neck, or back.upward deviation of eyes.
48
What drugs, in the paramedic toolbox, can cause Dystonia or Akathisia? What drug is used to reverse it?
Droperidol (inapsine) Haloperidol (Haldol) Promethazine (phenergan) Treat with diphenhydramine or benzos)
49
What common drug (general treatment) can cause Dystonic reactions?
Antiemetics
50
Name 2 adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs
Weight gain | Diabetes
51
List 4 atypical antipsychotic meds
Risperidone (risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Zipasidone (Geodon) Ariprazole (Abilify)
52
What are the 3 classes of antidepressant drugs?
Monamine oxidase inhibitors Reuptake inhibitors Atypical antidepressants
53
What is the MOA of tyramine?
Promotes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons causing a sympathetic response. Can cause dangerous hypertension if a person is taking MAOI's as this inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine.
54
List the 3 kinds of anti depression reuptake inhibitors
TCA's (Tricyclic antidepressants) SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) SNRI (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
55
How do TCA's work?
Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin | Block receptors for histamine, acetylcholine, and alpha-1
56
Name an example of a TCA
Amitryptyline (Elavil)
57
Name 2 examples of SSRI's
Paroxetine (Paxil) | Fluoxetine (Prozac)
58
Name 2 examples of SNRI's
Venlafaxine (Effexor) | Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
59
Name an atypical antidepressant
Buproprion (Wellbutrin)
60
Name 3 principal mood stabilizers used for treating Bi-polar
lithium (Eskalith) valproic acid (Depakote) carbamazepine (Tegretol)
61
Name a class 4 drug in our profiles. What ion channel is being blocked?
Diltiazem. Calcium.
62
List the 4 phases of fast potentials along with the primary ion movement associated with each phase.
Phase 0: rapid influx of sodium (Na+) Phase 1: brief, rapid extrusion of potassium (K+) Phase 2: prolonged stable plateau with slow calcium (Ca+2) promoting atrial & ventricular contraction. Phase 3: rapid repolarization caused by rapid extrusion of K+ - this is also the absolute refractory period. Phase 4: cells are stable waiting for action potential
63
List the phases and corresponding ion movement during slow potentials.
Phase 0: depolarization due to slow calcium influx Phase 1,2,3: non-existent Phase 4: slow calcium influx preparing for phase 0 depolarization
64
Name 2 misc. class anti dysrhythmic drugs
1. Adenosine | 2. Magnesium
65
Name 1 antidysrhythmic drug in each of the following classes: 1a 1b 1c
1a: quinidine - moderate Na+ channel blocker 1b: lidocaine - weak Na+ channel blocker - no long term use 1c: flecainide - strong Na+ channel blocker
66
Name a beta blocker approved for antidysrhythmic use
Propranolol
67
Name 2 calcium channel blockers that have antidysrhythmic effects
Diltiazem | Verapamil

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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