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Pharmacology > Fall Pharm Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Fall Pharm Quiz 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic & Somatic

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1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central & Peripheral

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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3
Q

What is an autonomic ganglia?

A

Group of neurons outside the CNS

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4
Q

What is a pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

Nerve fiber that extends from the CNS to the ganglion

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5
Q

What is a post-ganglionic neuron?

A

Nerve fiber that extends from the ganglion to the target tissue

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6
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.

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7
Q

What is cholinesterase?

A

Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine

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8
Q

What are 3 ways a neurotransmitter can “terminate” (stop having an effect)

A
  1. Reuptake back into neuron
  2. Degradation by an enzyme
  3. Diffusion away from gap
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9
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Regulation of he cardiovascular system
Regulation of temperature
Implementing fight or flight

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10
Q

What are the 2 main neurotransmitters a used in the ANS?

A

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

Where is acetylcholine used?

A

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic & parasympathetic)

AND post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

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12
Q

Where is norepinephrine used?

A

Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons

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13
Q

What type of receptors are stimulated by acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic

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14
Q

What type of receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine?

A

Adrenergic

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15
Q

What are the 2 main type of cholinergic receptors in the PNS?

A

Muscarinic & Nicotinic

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16
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors primarily found? Nicotinic?

A
  • Muscarinic on the target tissues of the parasympathetic system.
  • Nicotinic Nn on all post ganglionic receptors of the parasympathetic system
  • Nicotinic Nm on somatic system neuromuscular junctions
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17
Q

What are the 4 basic types of adrenergic receptors and where are they primarily found?

A

Alpha 1: peripheral blood vessels
Alpha 2: we don’t care
Beta 1: heart
Beta 2: lungs

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18
Q

List 4 things alpha 1 receptors are involved in.

A
  1. Peripheral vasoconstriction
  2. Ejaculation
  3. Mydriasis
  4. Mild bronchoconstriction
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19
Q

What is a parasympathomimetic drug?

A

A drug which mimics the effects of the parasympathetic system.
Also commonly called “cholinergic” drugs

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20
Q

What is a parasympatholytic?

A

A drug which blocks the effects of the parasympathetic system.
Commonly called “anticholinergics”

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21
Q

What is atropine and how does it work?

A

Parasympatholytic. It is a competitive antagonist with Ach at the muscarinic receptors.

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22
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

Dilated pupils

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23
Q

What is miosis?

A

Constricted pupils.

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24
Q

What are 2 ways that parasympathomimetic (cholinergic) drugs work?

A
  1. Cholinergic receptor site agonists

2. Cholinesterase inhibitor

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25
Q

What is SLUDGE an acronym for?

A 
Used to describe cholinergic OD or poisoning symptoms.
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defication
Gastrointestinal
Emesis
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26
Q

What is sarin gas?

A

It is a parasympathomimetic (organophosphate poison)

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27
Q

What does an alpha 1 agonist typically do?

Give 2 examples.

A

Used to raise BP through vasoconstriction.

Dopamine, epinephrine

28
Q

What are beta 1 agonists typically used for?

Give 2 examples.

A

Primarily used for cardia arrest and hypotension due to cardiogenic problems.
Dopamine, epinephrine, isoproterenol

29
Q

What are beta 2 agonist typically used for?

Give 2 examples.

A

Used to treat bronchoconstriction.
Used to suppress preterm labor by relaxing uterine muscle
Albuterol, epinephrine

30
Q

What is an alpha 1 antagonist typically used for?

Give an example.

A

Primarily used to treat hypertension.

Prazosin is the prototype.

31
Q

What are beta 1 antagonist typically used for?

A

Hypertension, Angina, acute MI’s and SVT.
One of the most widely prescribed class of drugs in the USA
Atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol

32
Q

What class are neuromuscular blockers and how do they work.

A

Anticholinergics (anti-Nicotinic)

Blocks the Nicotinic-m receptor at the neuromuscular junction (in the somatic nervous system)

33
Q

Explain the 2 types of anticholinergic neuromuscular blockers

A
  • Non-depolarizing: competitive antagonist binds with the receptor and causes no further action.
  • Depolarizing: binds with receptor and causes brief period of depolarization (fasciculations)
34
Q

Name 2 non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

A

Rocuronium

Vecuronium

35
Q

Name 1 depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

A

Succinylcholine

36
Q

When classifying drugs by function, what are the 3 classifications?

A

Analgesic
Anesthetic
Anti-seizure

37
Q

When classifying drugs by pharmacological group, what are the 3 groups?

A

Opioids
Benzos
Barbiturates

38
Q

What are the 2 basic types of pain?

A

Nociceptive pain

Neuropathic pain

39
Q

Name 5 locations you would find nociceptors.

A

Skin, muscle, bone, viscera, connective tissue

40
Q

Describe a-delta fibers and the type of pain they sense (signal).

A

Large, myelinated fibers which send a fast signal. Sharp pain.

41
Q

Describe c-fibers

A

Smaller than a-fibers and unmyelinated transmitting signals slower.
Associated with longer lasting throbbing pain.

42
Q

What type of drugs does nociceptive pain respond well to?

A

Opioids

NSAIDs

43
Q

What does it mean that nociceptive pain is “self-limiting”?

A

It will heal and resolve on its own.

44
Q

List 3 negative side effects of neuropathic pain.

A

Sleeplessness
Depression
Impairment of social interaction.

45
Q

List 5 etiology of neuropathic pain.

A 
Alcoholism
Amputation
AIDS
Chemotherapy
Diabetes
46
Q

What are the most common ways to treat neuropathic pain?

A

TCA’s
Anti-seizure meds
Local anesthetics

47
Q

What are the 2 recognized components of pain?

A

Sensory: the actual sensation
Affective: the level of distress the pain causes

48
Q

Where does opium come from?

A

Sap of the poppy plant which contains alkaloids.

49
Q

What are the 3 most important naturally occurring opium alkaloids?

A

Morphine
Thebaine
Codeine

50
Q

Give 2 examples of semi-synthetic opioid drugs.

A

Heroin

Oxycodone

51
Q

Where does the word “endorphin” come from?

A

Endogenous Morphine

52
Q

List the 3 primary opioid receptor types

A

Mu
Delta
Kappa

53
Q

Name 5 possible adverse effects of opioid analgesics

A 
AMS
N/V
Constipation
Urinary retention
Respiratory depression
54
Q

Why is methadone an important drug?

A

taken orally, methadone suppresses a withdrawal reaction

While still addictive, its effects are less extreme than heroin.

Prescribed for cancer patients who have become tolerant to MS

Relatively cheap with longer duration of action compared to morphine

55
Q

How does heroin differ from morphine?

A

More lipid soluble and crosses the blood brain barrier more easily

56
Q

How are non-opioid analgesics different from opioids?

A

Less effective with severe pain
Produce analgesia from both CNS and peripheral sites
No tolerance or dependence from extended use

57
Q

What 4 things do all NSAIDs have in common?

A

Antipyretic
Analgesic
Anti-inflammatory
Inhibit Cox ((cyclooxygenase) - the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin synthesis

58
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Mediators of the inflammatory response

59
Q

Define COX-1

A 
Found in all tissues • 
Responsible for “house keeping chores” • 
Protecting gastric mucosa • 
Supporting renal function • 
Promoting platelet aggregation
60
Q

What are the benefits of inhibiting COX-1?

A

Protection against stroke & MI

61
Q

What is the only NSAID which causes irreversible inhibition of COX-1?

A

Aspirin

62
Q

What are the adverse effects of COX-1 inhibition?

A

Gastric erosion and ulceration
Bleeding tendacies
Renal impairment

63
Q

Describe COX-2

A

Found in injured tissues •
Mediates inflammation and sensitizes receptors to pain •
Found in brain where it mediates fever •
Supports renal function

64
Q

What are the beneficial effects of COX-2 inhibition?

A

Suppression of inflammation •
Alleviation of pain •
Reduction of fever

65
Q

What is an adverse effect of COX-2 inhibition?

A

Renal impairment

66
Q

Most NSAIDs on the market are non-selective COX inhibitors. What were some unexpected side effects of 2nd gen “specific” COX inhibitors?

A

GI effects

cardiovascular effects - increased risk of MI & stroke

67
Q

Acetaminophen: name the class and it’s properties

A

In a class by itself: not NSAID, not Opioid

  • inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS but not the periphery
  • has analgesic and antipyretic properties but weak anti-inflammatory properties
  • lacks adverse GI effects
  • safe for children

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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