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Biology 🧬 > Winter Exams - 2024 > Flashcards

Winter Exams - 2024 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 dietary components

A

Carbohydrates
Fat
Fibre
Vitamins
Protein
Minerals
Water

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2
Q

Definition of a balanced diet

A

Eating all the food groups in the correct proportion

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3
Q

What is the test for starch called and what is the colour change?

A

Iodine
Yellow/brown to blue/black

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4
Q

What is the test for sugar and what is the colour change?

A

Benedict’s
Blue to brick red

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5
Q

What is the test for protein and colour change

Purple protein

A

Biuret
Blue to purple

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6
Q

What is the test for fat and colour change

A

Ethanol
Clear to white emulsion

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates used for

A

Energy

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8
Q

What is protein good for

A

Growth and repair

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9
Q

What is fat good for

A

Energy

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10
Q

What 3 elements are in carbohydrates, fat and proteins

A

Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

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11
Q

What food group are sweets in?

A

Sugar

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12
Q

What food group are burgers in?

A

Fat

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13
Q

What food group is fish in?

A

Protein

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14
Q

What food group is bread in

A

Starch

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15
Q

What is the benefit of the Ilium having a long adaption

A

Large surface area for absorption into blood

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16
Q

What is the benefit of the Ilium having folds

A

Large surface area for absorption into blood

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17
Q

What’s the benefit of the Ilium having villi

A

Large surface area for absorption into blood

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18
Q

What the benefit of the ilium having good blood supply

A

It maintains the diffusion gradient

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19
Q

What the benefit of the ilium having a thin membrane

A

Shorter distance for the food molecules to travel

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20
Q

What the benefit of the ilium having a permeable membrane

A

Shorter distance for the food molecules to travel

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21
Q

Where is the substrate Starch found

A

In the mouth

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22
Q

Where is the substrate protein found

A

Stomach

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23
Q

Where is the substrates starch, protein and fat found

A

In the duodenum

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24
Q

Where is the substrate starch, protein, fat and carbohydrates found

A

In the Ilium

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25
Q

What enzyme is found in starch
(starchy (used to be friends with Lucy greene))

A

Amylase

26
Q

What enzyme is found in protein

A

Protease

27
Q

What enzyme is found in starch

A

Amylase

28
Q

What enzyme is found in starch, protein, fat and carbohydrates

A

Amylase, protease, lipase, carbohydrates

29
Q

What is the product of Amylase

A

Glucose/sugar

30
Q

What is the product of protease

A

Amino acids

31
Q

What is the product of amylase

A

Glucose

32
Q

What is the product of Amylase, protease, lipase
(G Aa Fa + Gs)

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids + glycerol sugar

33
Q

How does age effect the amount of energy needed

A

Babies/young children need relatively little energy because they are small
Adults are bigger so need more but their energy might actually drop slightly depending on lifestyle or job

34
Q

How does gender effect energy requirements

A

Males are physically bigger and carry more muscle

35
Q

How does activity level effect energy requirements

A

Activity in everyday life determines how much energy they require e.g. construction worker needs more than office worker

36
Q

What is obesity

A

When someone is extremely overweight - usually because of high fat diet because fatty foods contain lots of energy

37
Q

How do we calculate how much energy is in food

A

KJ ÷ 100g = Y
Y x amount of g

38
Q

How do we make the energy experiment fair

A

Same volume of water
Hold food same distance from boiling tube each time
Same food mass

39
Q

Why is it better to repeat the burning food experiment

(3)

A

Allows an average to be calculated
More reliable results
Anomalies are identified

40
Q

Why are burning food values an underestimate

A

Food might not be fully burned
Some energy is turned into light
Some energy is used to heat air around the tube

41
Q

How do we work out the temp rise

A

Energy released x mass of water x 4.2

42
Q

What is the definition of digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed

43
Q

Definition of ingestion

A

Food is taken into the mouth

44
Q

Definition of absorption

A

Food goes into blood stream

45
Q

Definition of egestion

A

Food that can’t be digested goes out the anus

46
Q

Definition of an enzyme

A

Protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions to help break the bonds

47
Q

What’s mechanical digestion

A

Teeth chewing food

48
Q

Definition of chemical digestion

Mix —> breakdown

A

Salivary glands mix saliva with food

Amylase (in saliva) breaks down starch into sugar

49
Q

How does the size of food effect digestion

A

Smaller = easier for the enzymes to act on

50
Q

Definition of peristalsis

A

A wave of muscular contractions to help food pass down the oesophagus

51
Q

Function of colon

A

For water to be reabsorbed

52
Q

Function of rectum

A

Where faeces are stored

53
Q

Function of anus

A

Where faeces are egested ➡️ known as defecation

54
Q

How is food digested in the stomach

A

Food gets mixed with gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Food gets churned up by contraction of stomach wall.

Food is let through duodenum

55
Q

What enzyme is found in protein

A

Protease

56
Q

What enzyme is found in fat

A

Lipase

57
Q

What is the product of protease

A

Amino acids

58
Q

What is the product of amylase

A

Glucose

59
Q

What is the product of lipase
(fat and …)

A

Fatty acids and glycoren

60
Q

What is the product of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

Biology 🧬 (3 decks)

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