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Biology 🧬 > Cells (1) ✅ > Flashcards

Cells (1) ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four parts of an animal cell

A

cytoplasm
nucleus
cell membrane
Mitochondria

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2
Q

label

A

a - nucleus
b - cytoplasm
c - cell membrane
d - mitochondria

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3
Q

7

what is in a plant cell

A

cytoplasm
nucleus
cell membrane
Mitochondria
cellulose cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

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4
Q

label
(f is pointing at black line)

A

a - cell wall
b - vacuole
c - chloroplasts
d - nucleus
e - cytoplasm
f - cell membrane
g - mitochondria

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5
Q

controls, and it is SP

What does the cell membrane do
(2)

A

Controls what moves in and out of cell
Selectively permeable

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6
Q

What does the nucleus do? And what is is surrounded by

A

Controls processes in cell
Nuclear membrane - contains chromosomes made up of DNA

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7
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm (the watery jelly)

A

Where lots of chemical reactions happen

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8
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Carry out respiration

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9
Q

What’s the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

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10
Q

What does cellulose do
(water + bursting)
provides s

A

Provides support
Prevent bursting when cell takes in water

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11
Q

What is inside the vacuole

A

Cell sap

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12
Q

What is cell sap made from?

A

Water and sugar and some salt

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13
Q

What do chloroplasts contain? And what does it do

A

Green pigment chlorophyll
Traps light to help plant carry out photosynthesis

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14
Q

Similarities in plant and animal cells
(4)
NCmCM

A

Both contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria

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15
Q

Diffrences between animal and plant cells
(CwVCSgSHAPE)

A

cell wall,
vacuole,
chloroplasts
starch granules
Plant cells have regular shape

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16
Q

CM, NCCW, P-DNA

what’s in a bacterial cell

A

cell membrane
non-cellulose cell wall
plasmid DNA

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17
Q

b have NCCW, P DNA, NO N, ⭕️ CHROMO

differences between bacterial and plant cells

A

b have non cellulose cell wall - p has cellulose cell wall

b have plasmid DNA - p have linear DNA
b don’t have nucleus - p does
b have circular chromosomes - p have

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18
Q

CELL WALL- B OR A

who has nucleus
who has plasmid and who has linear DNA

differences between bacterial and animal cells

A

b has cell wall - a doent
b has no nucleus - a does
b have plasmid DNA - a have linear DNA

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19
Q

label

A

a - cell wall
b - cytoplasm
c - bacterial DNA
d - flagellum
e - plasmid DNA

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20
Q

what is the stage on a microscope

A

where the slide is placed

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21
Q

what are the clips on a microscope

A

used to hold the slide in place

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22
Q

what are the focusing knobs on a microscope

A

moves the stage to focus the image

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23
Q

what is the Objective lens on a microscope

A

can be changed to higher/lower power - the pocking out parts

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24
Q

place, clip, low p, focus, high, focus

what are the 6 steps to using a microscope

A

Place slide on stage
Clip in place
Start on low power to find the cells
Focus
Move to higher power to see more detail
Focus

25
# peel, place, stain, cover how do you make an onion slide
Peel a thin layer of cells Place on a slide using a mounted needle Stain with iodine Cover with cover slip
26
when your making an onion slide, why does it have to be a thin layer that you peel
it has to allow light to pass through
27
when your making an onion slide, why do you need a stain
cells are colourless so the stain allows the structures to be seen
28
# swab, smear, stain MB, cover how do you make a cheek slide
Swab inside of cheek Smear on slide Stain with methylene blue Cover with cover slip
29
give 2 advantages of electron microscopes (r,m)
higher resolution, higher magnification
30
give 3 disadvantages of electron microscopes
large, expensive, kills the specimen
31
why do we use electron microscopes +how does it view specimens
Allows cells to be seen in higher resolution (more detail) Uses a beam of electrons to view specimen
32
definition of diffusion
the random movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration.
33
# SCG, HIGH TEMP = MORE K ENERGY , LSA what 3 factors effect diffusion
steep concentration gradient Higher temperatures: particles have more kinetic energy so move more. Larger surface area: if the membrane is bigger, more particles can diffuse through it.
34
describe the starch and iodine experiment. Include -type of tubing -what can fit through -what can't fit through -when its mixed what colour does it go
Using Viking tubing which has small pours. Starch is too big to fit through the pours. Iodine molecules can fit and diffuse into the tubing. When it mixes it goes blue/black
35
# agar=, iodine diffuses through changes from, higher conc =, high temp= explain the Starch, iodine and agar experiment and the results
The agar is jelly, containing starch. When the iodine diffuses through the agar, it changes from yellow brown to blue black. 2% iodine and 25°C: iodine diffuses through the starch and changes blue black. Higher concentration (5%) more diffusion – steeper concentration gradient. Higher temperature (35°C) – more kinetic energy so faster diffusion
36
what is the surface area of an animal (pretty simple don't overthink)
the area of the animal in contact with the external environment
37
what is the volume of an animal
the total cells inside the animal
38
as an animal gets bigger their -what gets bigger (sa) -what gets bigger (V) -what ratio gets smaller
Surface area gets bigger Volume gets bigger Surface area to volume ratio gets smaller
39
Why do animals need specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems
diffusion only works well over short distances.
40
why do animals need specialised exchange surfaces (eg lungs or gills)
because diffusion will not supply all their cells – their cells are too far away from their surface.
41
# cell to far from l Why do animals need specialsied TRANSPORT systems (blood)
their cells are too far away from their lungs.
42
Put these in order: organ system, tissues, cells, organism, organs
Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism
43
definition of cells
microscopic building blocks of all living things
44
definition of tissue
similar cells with the same structure grouped together
45
definition of organ
structure made of several tissue types that carry out a particular function
46
definition of organ system
A group of organs that operate together to carry out a particular function (e.g. circulatory system)
47
definition of organism
All the organ systems grouped together make a complex animal/plant
48
definition of stem cells
undifferentiated cells which divide and become specialised
49
what can stem cells divide into
Make more stem cells Differentiate into other cells
50
where are Embryonic stem cells found
in animal embryos
51
what can Embryonic stem cells change into
any cell type
52
sources of Embryonic stem cells (not where they are found)
left over embryos from IVF / placenta / umbilical cord
53
two characteristics of embryonic stem cells
grow rapidly cultured easily in the lab
54
3 characteristics of Adult Stem cells -found in certain -can only be changed into -more difficult to
-found in certain organs of adults: bone marrow, blood, heart -can only be change into certain tissues e.g. heart stem cell can only form heart tissues -more difficult to grow
55
2 characteristics of Plant stem cells
found at apices – roots and shoots can redifferentiate (animal cells cant do this)
56
4 Uses of stem cells in medicine
treat leukemia using bone marrow transplants treat paralysis repair bone/joints produce organs with matching tissue types
57
Describe how stem cells can be used to treat leukemia -chemo weakens what -what type of donor will donate their cells -what will the cells do
Patient gets chemotherapy to kill cancerous cells - this weakens patients immune system and has side effects. Matching donor donates stem cells from their bone marrow. (Matching tissues – to reduce risk of rejection) Donor cells divide and multiply, new white blood cells form
58
# 4 what are the Ethical issues of using stem cells in science/medicine
Use of embryo in this way may be considered murder. human rights of embryo ignored. scientists are ‘playing God’. May lead to ‘cloning’ and ‘designer babies’
59
what are the risks of treating leukemia in the way that we do -chemo destroys -uncontrolled -or form unwanted
Chemotherapy destroy a patient’s white blood cells: leaves the patient with no immune system and in danger of infections Stem cells may divide in an uncontrolled way and produce tumours Or form unwanted cell types

Biology 🧬 (7 decks)

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