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Biology 🧬 > Co-ordination and control (5) ✅ > Flashcards

Co-ordination and control (5) ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

what is the speed of response in the nervous system

A

fast

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2
Q

speed of responce in the hormonal system

A

slow ( even years)

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3
Q

how does it send responces

nature of responce in the nervous system

A

sends electrical impulses along neurons (nerve cells)

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4
Q

nature of responce in the hormonal system

A

releases hormones from glands into the blood

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5
Q

Put the nervous system in order:
effector, stimulus, coordinated, responce, detected by receptors

A

stimulus- detected by receptors - coordinated - effector - responce

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6
Q

what are the three types of neurones + what do they do

A

sensory neurones - carry sensory impulses from receptors to CNS

motor neurones- carry motor impulses to effectors such as muscles

association (connector) neurones - connect sensory and motor neurones to CNS

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7
Q

Name 4 adaptions of the motor neurones

A

branched ends
myelin sheath
long axon
nucleus

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8
Q

what is the function of the motor neurone having branched ends

A

allows connection with lots of other neurones

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9
Q

IA, SUI

what is the function of the motor neurone having myelin sheath

A
  • insulated axon
  • speeds up impulses
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10
Q

what is the function of the motor neurone having long axon

A

sends impulses over large distances

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11
Q

what is the function of the motor neurone having nucleus

A

controls cells activity

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12
Q

label

A
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13
Q

what is a voluntary action

A

we think abour ur, slower and we use the brain as coordinator

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14
Q

what is a reflex action

A

automatic, no thinking, faster and spinal cord is coordinator, protects body from damage

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15
Q

label

A
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16
Q

describe how a synapse works

A

impulse arrives at synapse
neurotransmitter released
neurotransmitter diffuses across gap
joins with receptors
if enough neurotransmitter reaches other side the impulse continues

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17
Q

S-PR-SN TAKES I-IM TRAVEL ACROSS S TO AN AND THEN TO S-ALONG MN-EFFECTOR

describe how the reflex arc will react to e.g. a hot pan

A

stimulus - hot pan
pain receptors stimulated
sensory neurone takes impulse to spinal cord
impulse travels across synapse and along association neurone and to another synapse
impulse travels along motor neurone
effector contracts

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18
Q

why are reflex neuron’s faster than voluntary neuron’s

A

only 3 neurones involved and only 2 synapses and spinal cord is coordinator

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19
Q

advantage of reflex arc

A

protects the body from danger/helps escape danger

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20
Q

in light or dark what is incharge of controlling pupil size and circular and radial muscles

A

pupillary reflex

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21
Q

C,R MUSCLES, PS, L OR D

what does the pupillary reflex control? + what conditions does it control them in

A

circular and radial muscles and pupil size
light or dark

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22
Q

what does the eye do to protect the retina from bright light?

A

Radial muscles relax
Circular muscles contract
Pupil smaller

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23
Q

CM, SL, L, N+F

what is accommodation responsible for + in what conditions

A

Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Lens

near + far

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24
Q

Ciliary muscles c _, Suspensory ligaments s__, lens _

what does the eye do to see near objects

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slack
Lens rounder

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25
# CM-R, SL-T,L-T what does the eye do to see far objects
Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments taut Lens thinner
26
what does the eye do to see in dim light?
Radial muscles contract Circular muscles relax Pupil bigger LETS LIGHT THROUGH TO MAKE AN IMAGE
27
label:
28
definition of a hormone
proteins that act as chemical messengers
29
why do hormones act slower than the nervous system
to ensure proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to internal and external change
30
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of internal conditions (e.g. body temp)
31
two examples of the homeostatic role of hormones
- controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood by insulin - controlling the water content of the body, referred to as osmoregulation
32
what is osmoregulation
controlling the water content in the body
33
what is a hormone
proteins that act as chemical messengers
34
where are hormones produced
in special glands e.g. pancreas
35
how are hormones transported through the body
through the bloodstream
36
what is a target organ
where the hormone travels to and has its effect e.g. liver
37
what happens when hormones are sent to the liver
more absorption respiration stored as glycogen
38
what is insulin
a hormone that prevents the concentration of glucose (sugar) from becoming too high
39
why do we need glucose (IMPORTANT)
glucose is constantly needed by all cells for respiration and therefore must always be present at a sufficient concentration
40
what can happen if there's too much glucose in the blood
it can damage cells due to water loss by OSMOSIS
41
What is produced and released into the blood by special cells in the pancreas?
Insulin ## Footnote Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels.
42
What triggers the production and release of insulin?
Increasing or high blood glucose concentrations ## Footnote This usually occurs after meals.
43
When does insulin production typically occur?
After a meal ## Footnote Especially after meals rich in carbohydrates.
44
Which types of foods are known to increase blood glucose concentrations?
* Spuds * Bread * Pasta * Rice cake * Sweets ## Footnote These foods are high in carbohydrates.
45
what is the order of HOMEOSTASIS
1. normal blood concentration 2. eat a meal rich in carbohydrates 3. Carbohydrates are digested + absorbed into blood 4. rise in blood glucose concentration *pancreas constantly monitors blood glucose* 5. pancreas produces insulin 6. fall in blood glucose concentration (absorbed mostly by liver, converted to glycogen and respired. *back to one*
46
what happens when blood glucose is low
less insulin is produced. this means homeostasis doesn't take place or take place at a slower rate which helps raise the concentration of glucose in the blood
47
what's the main target organ for insulin
the liver
48
what happens to insulin in the liver Absorbed Respired Converted
ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE from blood reduces blood glucose RESPIRATION the CONVERSION of excess glucose into glycogen
49
summarise how ADH works
starts in the brain less ADH is produced kidneys re absorb less water from the blood - large volumes of dilute urine produced normal water concentration in the blood drinking large amounts of water - the concentration of water in the blood rises
50
where is excess glucose (tuned into glycogen) stored
in the liver
51
how does the formation of soluble glucose molecules change for storage
52
what is negative feedback
a mechanism to ensure the concentration level of something doesn't deviate too far from the normal value
53
what does negative feedback in the pancreas look like
- pancreas monitors blood glucose levels - less insulin is produced - THIS PREVENTS OVER CORRECTION
54
what is over correction
when blood glucose levels get too low
55
fill this graph to show how glucose effects blood glucose levels
56
what are some symptoms of diabetes
- very thirsty - glucose in urine - lethargy
57
differences between type 1 and 2 diabetes
type 1 develops in childhood type 2 develops in older people type 2 insulin is being produced however it stops working effectively
58
how is type 1 diabetes treated
- injection of insulin - carefully controlled diet, specifically carbohydrates are monitored
59
what complications can arise from poor management of diabetes
- difficult to control blood sugar accurately - too much insulin injected - not enough food eaten at regular time - if blood sugar drops a HYPOGLYCAEMIC attack can occur - loss of consciousness - serious medical complications if too high
60
how is type 2 diabetes treated
- change to diet, exercise, weight loss - medication such as tablets
61
what causes type 2 diabetes
- poor diet - obesity - lack of excercise
62
long term effects of diabetes
- eye damage/blindness - heart disease - strokes - kidney damage - high blood sugar damages CAPILLARIES
63
why is the number of people with diabetes rising
increasing number of people with poor diet/obese and don't excersize
64
what is osmoregulation
maintenance of constant internal state
65
name three ways the body gains water
- drinking - eating - respiration
66
name 5 ways that water is lost
- evaporation in the lungs - sweating - production of urine - in faeces - urine
67
what will happen if we drink large volumes of liquid than normal
the kidneys produce large volumes of dilute urine
68
in what ways do we lose water when exercising
- sweating - heavy breathing
69
what are the two functions of the kidneys
- osmoregulation - remove waste (urea) from blood
70
what are the 4 parts of the excretory system
- kidneys - ureters - bladder - urethra
71
what is the order of blood flow starting from the heart
**heart - aorta - renal artery - kidney ** renal vein - rena cava - heart | bold = red (deoxygenated) unblod = blue (oxygenated)
72
label
73
label the inside of the kidney
74
75
What artery supplies blood to each kidney?
Renal artery
76
What happens to the liquid portion of blood when it reaches the cortex of the kidney?
Much of it is filtered out
77
In which region of the kidney are water and other substances reabsorbed back into the blood?
Medulla region
78
What is the process of reabsorbing substances in the kidney controlled by?
Controlled way
79
What happens to excess water and dissolved substances in the kidney?
They pass into the urine
80
Where does urine collect before passing to the bladder?
Renal pelvis
81
What is the function of the ureter?
To transport urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
82
What is stored in the bladder?
Urine
83
Through which structure is urine passed out of the body?
Urethra
84
Fill in the blank: Blood passes into each kidney through the _______.
renal artery
85
True or False: The medulla region of the kidney filters blood.
False
86
What substance is mentioned as being dissolved in the urine?
Urea
87
what does ADH stand for?
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
88
what are the ADH glands
pituitary (the brain)
89
how does ADH travel around the body
the blood
90
what is the target organ of ADH
the kidneys
91
where is ADH produced
by the brain, the part where the amount of water in the blood is monitored
92
93
What does ADH do in the kidney medulla?
ADH allows more water to pass from the urine back into the blood to be reabsorbed
94
What is the result of ADH's action in the kidney medulla?
The urine has a lower volume and is more concentrated
95
Fill in the blank: In the kidney medulla, ADH allows more water to pass from the urine back into the blood to be _______.
[reabsorbed]
96
True or False: ADH increases the volume of urine produced.
False
97
What effect does ADH have on urine concentration?
Makes it more concentrated
98
how does ADH work?
produced in brain less ADH produced kidneys re absorb water from the blood-large volumes of dilute urine produced normal water concentration in the blood drinking large amounts of water-concentration of water in the blood rises
99
what happens is there's less or no ADH produced
much less water is re absorbed into the blood leaving large volumes of dilute urine to be produced
100
if a plant bends towards the light, what are the benefits?
bend= more light= more photosynthesis= more growth
101
What is the general response time of plants to environmental stimuli compared to animals?
Plants respond more slowly to environmental stimuli than animals.
102
What types of stimuli do plants respond to?
Plants respond to the environmental stimuli that have the greatest effect on their growth.
103
What is the term for the response of plants to light?
Phototropism.
104
What direction do roots grow when there is a moisture gradient?
Roots grow towards water.
105
Which way do shoots tend to grow in response to gravity?
Shoots tend to grow upwards, away from the effects of gravity.
106
Why do plants exhibit phototropism?
To ensure that the plant stem and leaves receive more light for photosynthesis.
107
What happens to photosynthesis rates as a result of phototropism?
More light leads to more photosynthesis.
108
Fill in the blank: The response of plants to light is called _______.
[Phototropism]
109
True or False: Plants grow straight up regardless of the direction of light.
False.
110
What observable effect does phototropism have on plants?
Plants bend towards a light source.
111
What is the relationship between phototropism and plant growth?
Phototropism increases light absorption, leading to more growth.
112
What happens to plant growth when they do not respond to light?
They receive less light, resulting in less photosynthesis and growth.
113
what happens if the tip of the plant is covered
no bending will occur
114
how does the auxin work/where does it accumulate
when the stem is illuminated from one side the hormone tends to accumulate more on the shaded side
115
what's the effect of auxin
increase growth of the shaded side and make each cell grow by elongation
116
what is differential growth
when one side of the stem grows more than the other side bending towards the light
117
where is auxin produced
at the tip of the shoot and diffuses downward
118
how is it possible to keep plants in unilateral light growing straight
keep turning the plant every few days this will stop bending on one side
119
what causes plant stems to bend towards the light
- auxin produced at tip - diffuses down shaded side - cells elongate - differential growth
120
how is the stem bending towards the light beneficial to plants
- more light - more photosynthesis - grows more

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