Enzymes and digestion (3) ✅ Flashcards
definition of enzymes
protein molecules which speed up reactions. They are biological catalysts.
A + C
what are the two types of enzymes
Anabolic: break up large molecules into small ones
Catabolic: build up large molecules from small ones.
how do enzymes work?
-what do they work on
-active site
-complementary
-lock + key
-substrate specific
enzymes work on substrates.
enzymes have an active site which matches the shape of a substrate – complementary shape.
they fit together like a lock and key (enzyme= lock, substrate = key)
enzymes are substrate specific
A - S - SS/G
what is amylases’ substrate and what is the product
amylase - starch - simple sugars/glucose
what is protease substrate and what is the product
protease - proteins - amino acids
what is lipase substrate and what is the product
lipase - fat - fatty acids and glycerol
describe enzyme specificity + an example
- e are sub spe
- do enzymes work on all substartes?
-what does lipase digest and what does it not
Enzymes are substrate specific
Each enzyme will only work on one substrate
The other substrates wont fit in the active site
E.g. lipase can only digest fats, it wont digest protein
molecules, stops the
what’s an inhibitor
molecules that can fit loosely or partially into the active site of an enzyme.
Stops the proper substrate molecules fitting into the active site and inhibits the reaction.
or PH
what does optimum mean
the temperature or pH where enzymes work best
when AS changes s_, happens when? PH or high temp
what does denatured mean
when the active site of the enzyme changes shape and the substrate no longer fits.
Happens if the enzyme is at the wrong pH or high temperature.
Explain what is happening at every arrow
🟦 - low temp, slow bc, kinetic energy, fewer collisions
🟩 - optimum
🟥 - denatured, reaction speeds or slows
Give the answer in which you will need to include when answering a questions on enzymes and PH
(hints)
- all enzymes have optimum, optimum PH is where….
- as PH changes the enzyme becomes _______
- Once it is _______ the active site changes _____ and substrate no longer fits
All enzymes have an optimum pH = where the reaction is fastest.
As the pH changes from the optimum, the enzyme becomes denatured.
Denatured = active site changes shape and substrate no longer fits.
optimum at, where is slower, doesnt work belowPH, or above PH because
Explain this enzyme’s rate of activity
Has an optimum at pH 8
Has slower reactions either side of pH 8
Doesn’t work below pH2 or above pH 13 as it will be denatured.
Enzymes and concentration:
At low concentrations the reaction will be slow because:
There are not enough active sites for the reaction to be faster
Enzymes and concentration:
As concentration increases, the reaction will speed up because:
More active sites = faster reactions
Enzymes and concentration:
The reaction rate will eventually level off because:
There are too many enzymes and not enough substrates
thermosable meaning, contain mixture of P+L+C which break up
Commercial enzymes:
give two reasons Enzymes used in biological washing powder
They are thermostable = wont denature at high temperatures
Contains mixture of proteases, lipases and carbohydrases = to break up ALL food stains
what does lactases do and what are they used for
digest sugar in milk and make lactose free milk
what is the process of pectinase
Extracting juice from fruit
Put these in order in which food travels through the digestive system:
small intestine - oesophagus - anus - stomach - large intestine - mouth - rectum
Mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus
Label:
A - MOUTH
B - SALIVARY GLANDS
C - OESOPHAGUS
D - LIVER
E - STOMACH
F - PANCREAS
G - SMALL INTESTINE
H - LARGE INTESTINE
I - RECTUM
J - ANUS
K - APPENDIX
L - SALIVARY GLAND (AGAIN)
to be absorbed into the
definition of digestion
the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules to be absorbed into the blood
how can we test the importance of digestion in the human body (experiment)
the model gut experiment
draw the model gut experiment and label it
Should look like this:
