The respiratory system (6) ✅

Question 1

where does respiration take place

Answer 1

The mitochondria

Question 2

what are some processes in the human body that require energy

Answer 2

movement
growth and repair
reproduction
body heat (maintaining 37°)

Question 3

in a cell what is taken in + how is it taken in

Answer 3

oxygen - breathing, transported by red blood cells
glucose - food, transported by blood plasma

Question 4

in a cell what is given out+ how is it given out

Answer 4

carbon dioxide - breathed out, transported by blood
water - breathed out, pee out, transported in blood

Question 5

what is energy used for

Answer 5

growth and repair
movement
heat

Question 6

word equation for the process of aerobic respiration (using oxygen)

Answer 6

Oxygen + Glucose –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 7

balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration (using oxygen)

Answer 7

C6 H12 6O2 –> 6Co2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 8

what is an exothermic reaction

Answer 8

a reaction where heat is released

Question 9

why do we need AEROBIC respiration to be an exothermic reaction

Answer 9

to maintain 37°
- optimum temp for most enzymes

Question 10

what is ANAEROBIC respiration - when not enough oxygen is available

Answer 10

muscles and organisms can release a small amount of energy. Similar to yeast

Question 11

word equation for yeast

Answer 11

Glucose –> Alcohol + Carbon dioxide

Question 12

label

Answer 12

Question 13

why is the yeast suspension boiled for the anaerobic respiration practical and then cooled

Answer 13

boiled: to remove oxygen to make anaerobic conditions

cooled: so it doesn’t kill the yeast

Question 14

why is a layer of liquid paraffin placed on top of the yeast/sugar solution (anaerobic respiration practical)

Answer 14

oil is impermeable to oxygen
stops oxygen entering

Question 15

what results can you expect from the anaerobic respiration practical

Answer 15

1. limewater turns colourless - milky
2. bubbles of Co2 produced
3. heat is produced from respiration (respiration is exothermic)

Question 16

how do human respire after strenuous exercise

Answer 16

anaerobically

Question 17

why can we not maintain a top speed sprint for more than a matter of seconds

Answer 17

• oxygen cant get to muscles fast enough
• they respire anaerobically + lactic acid builds up

Question 18

why do our muscles get sore and tired after exercise

Answer 18

our muscles run short of oxygen and start to respire anaerobically (without oxygen)

Question 19

word equation for anaerobic respiration

Answer 19

glucose –> lactic acid + energy

Question 20

what substrate is used for aerobic respiration

Answer 20

glucose

Question 21

what substrate is used for anaerobic respiration

Answer 21

glucose

Question 22

is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

is oxygen needed for anaerobic respiration

Answer 23

no

Question 24

does aerobic respiration produce CO2

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

does anaerobic respiration produce CO2

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what else does aerobic respiration produce

Answer 26

water

Question 27

what else does anaerobic respiration produce

Answer 27

from yeast - alcohol from muscles - lactic acid

Question 28

how much energy is produced in aerobic respiration

Answer 28

lots

Question 29

how much energy is produced in anaerobic respiration

Answer 29

little

Question 30

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 30

respiration using oxygen

Question 31

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 31

Respiration without oxygen

Question 32

what is the method for investigating factors affecting respiration of yeast experiment

Answer 32

- mix yeast and glucose with boiled cooled water - leave at room temp - fill test tube with mixture - place boiling tube over test tube and invert both tubes - place tubes in water bath at 10° - measure bubble height - repeat at temps 20,30,40,50 - after 30 mins measure height of bubble - calculate height change

Question 33

what is the dependant variable for the investigating factors affecting respiration of yeast experiment

Answer 33

the height of the bubble

Question 34

what is the independent variable for the investigating factors affecting respiration of yeast experiment

Answer 34

Temperature

Question 35

what is the controlled variable for the investigating factors affecting respiration of yeast experiment

Answer 35

yeast/glucose mix time volume of mixture

Question 36

what type of graph do we use for the investigating factors affecting respiration of yeast experiment

Answer 36

line graph

Question 37

label

Answer 37

Question 39

what pathway does oxygen take starting from the nose

Answer 39

nose - trachea - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli

Question 40

what's the function of the alveoli

Answer 40

for gas exchange to take place

Question 41

what's the function of the ribs

Answer 41

protect the lungs from damage

Question 42

what's the function of the intercostal muscles

Answer 42

muscles in between ribs that contract and relax

Question 43

what's the function of the trachea

Answer 43

first tube of the respiratory system with rings of cartilage

Question 44

what's the function of the pleural membranes

Answer 44

reduce friction between the lungs and the chest wall

Question 45

what's the function of the bronchi

Answer 45

two of them that take air to each lung

Question 46

what's the function of the diaphragm

Answer 46

large muscle that separates the thorax and the abdomen

Question 47

what's the function of the bronchioles

Answer 47

smallest branches in the lungs that take air to the alveoli

Question 48

what's is pleural fluid

Answer 48

fluid trapped inside the pleural membranes that further reduces friction during breathing

Question 49

# IM - RIBS - DIAPHRAGM X2 - VOL/PRES in thorax- AIR what is the order in which the muscles move when inhaling

Answer 49

intercoastal muscles contract ribs move up and out diaphragm muscles contract diaphragm flattens volume of thorax increases pressure in thorax decreases Air drawn into lungs

Question 50

# IM contract - RIBS - DIAPHRAGM X2 - VOL⬇️ PRES⬆️ in thorax- AIR what is the order in which the muscles move when inhaling

Answer 50

intercoastal muscles contract ribs move up and out diaphragm muscles contract diaphragm flattens volume of thorax increases pressure in thorax decreases Air drawn into lungs

Question 51

# IM relax - ribs - diaphragm X2 - vol ⬇️ pres ⬆️ - air leaves what is the order in which the muscles move when exhaling

Answer 51

intercostal muscles relax rib cage moves down and in diaphragm relaxes disphragm returns to dome shape volume of thorax decreases pressure increases air leaves lungs

Question 52

in the bar jar model what part of the respiratory system is represnted by the balloons

Answer 52

the lungs

Question 53

label

Answer 53

Question 54

what part of the respiratory system does the rubber sheet on the bell jar represent

Answer 54

the diaphragm

Question 55

how does the bell jar model work

Answer 55

as the rubber sheet is pulled down the volume inside th jar increases. This causes the pressure inside the jar to decrease causing air to enter the balloons until the pressure in and out of the jar becomes equal

Question 56

name 3 differences between the lung model and the process of breathing in humans

Answer 56

- in the diagram only the rubber sheet moves and the glass doesn't - diaphragm is normally domed shape but in bell jar it starts flat - space between the balloons and chest wall is larger in the model

Question 57

in the bell jar model what does the balloons represent

Answer 57

lungs

Question 58

in the bell jar model what does the rubber sheet

Answer 58

diaphragm

Question 59

what would happen if a person received an injury causing a hole in the chest wall

Answer 59

- air would fill the thorax - lungs would collapse and no longer inflate - this means it won't carry out gas exchange

Question 60

Definition of diffusion

Answer 60

movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 61

what is gas exchange

Answer 61

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood vessels in the lungs

Question 62

explain diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the red blood cells

Answer 62

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood capillaries that surround them and combines with the haemoglobin

Question 63

explain diffusion of carbon dioxide from the plasma to the alveoli

Answer 63

carbon dioxide carried in blood plasma diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and then breathed out

Question 64

draw a diagram to show gas exchange at the alveoli

Answer 64

Question 64

label

Answer 64

Question 65

what order does oxygen diffuse from the cavity of an alveolus to the cytoplasm of a red blood cell

Answer 65

alveolus - alveolus wall - capillary wall - cell membrane of a red blood cell - cytoplasm (combines with haemoglobin)

Question 66

how do gasses pass in and out of the alveoli

Answer 66

by diffusion

Question 67

name all of the adaptions to make gas exchange as efficient as possible

Answer 67

large surface area thin membrane moist walls permeable walls good blood supply steep concentration gradient

Question 68

what is an adaptation

Answer 68

structure helps carry out its function

Question 69

how does a large surface area help diffusion

Answer 69

many alveoli have rounded shape - give gas exchange surface in humans of many square meters

Question 70

how does a thin membrane help diffusion

Answer 70

only two layers of cells - short diffusion distance

Question 71

how does moist walls help diffusion

Answer 71

gases dissolve

Question 72

how does permeable walls help diffusion

Answer 72

allows gases to pass through

Question 73

how does a good blood supply help diffusion

Answer 73

for transport

Question 74

how does a steep concentration gradient help diffusion

Answer 74

for breathing blood also carries away O2 in red blood cells to maintain steep concentration gradient

Question 75

what are the suitable controls for the anaerobic respiration experiment (unchanged)

Answer 75

yeast and glucose at the same volume yeast and glucose at the same concentration time

Question 76

Answer 76

(capillaries are pointing at the lines)

Question 78

What are the main respiratory surfaces in plants?

Answer 78

Spongy mesophyll cells ## Footnote The spongy mesophyll cells are crucial for gas exchange in plants.

Question 79

Why are spongy mesophyll cells effective for gas exchange?

Answer 79

They have a large surface area and thin, moist, permeable cell membranes ## Footnote The large number of cells in contact with air spaces facilitates efficient gas exchange.

Question 80

Fill in the blank: The cell membranes in spongy mesophyll cells are _______.

Answer 80

thin, moist and permeable ## Footnote These characteristics enhance the efficiency of gas exchange.