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Biology 🧬 > Summer Exams ☀️ - 2024 > Flashcards

Summer Exams ☀️ - 2024 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Controls what moves in and out of cell
Hold cell together

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2
Q

What does the nucleus do? And what is is bounded by

A

Controls processes in cell and contain DNA
Nuclear membrane - separates content of nucleus from cytoplasm

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3
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm (the watery jelly)

A

Where lots of chemical reactions happen

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4
Q

What do glycogen granules do? (Grains)

A

Food store

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5
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Carry out respiration

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6
Q

What’s the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

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7
Q

What does cellulose do
(water + bursting)

A

Provides support
Prevent bursting when cell takes in water

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8
Q

What is inside the vacuole

A

Cell sap

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9
Q

What is cell sap made from?

A

Water and sugar and some salt

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10
Q

What do chloroplasts contain? And what does it do

A

Green pigment chlorophyll
Traps light to help plant carry out photosynthesis

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11
Q

Similarities in plant and animal cells
(4)
NCmCM

A
  • Both contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria
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12
Q

Diffrences between animal and plant cells

A
  • Plant cell contain cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts and starch granules
  • Plant cells have regular shape
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13
Q

What happens on a microscope when you move the slide to the right

A

The item moves left

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14
Q

What happens on a microscope when you move the slide to the left

A

The item moves right

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15
Q

Two differences between bacterial cells and plant cells

A

Bacterial cells dont have a nucleus
Bacterial cell doesn’t have mitochondria

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16
Q

Name 5 bacterial diseases
(SETCI)

A

Salmonella (food poisoning)
E.coli ( food poisoning)
Tuberculosis (lung infection)
Chlamydia (STI)
Impetigo (Skin infection)

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17
Q

What food group is fish in

A

Protein

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18
Q

What food test do we use to test for protein

A

Biuret

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19
Q

What colour does the food test Biuret start as?

A

Blue

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20
Q

What colour does Biuret change to if the food is positive in protein
(Protein is P…)

A

Purple

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21
Q

What food group is bread in

A

carbohydrate

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22
Q

What is the name of the food test for starch

A

Iodine

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23
Q

What colour does iodine start

A

Yellow/brown

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24
Q

What colour does iodine change to?

A

Blue/black

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25
Q

What food group are sweets in?

A

Sugar

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26
Q

What’s the name of the food test for sugar

A

Benedict’s

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27
Q

What colour does Benedict’s start

A

Blue

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28
Q

What colour does Benedict’s change to

A

Brick red

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29
Q

What food group are burgers in

A

Fat

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30
Q

What’s the name of the food test for fat

A

Ethanol

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31
Q

What colour does ethanol start

A

Colourless

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32
Q

What colour does ethanol change to

A

White emulsion

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33
Q

Name the complex carbohydrate that humans are unable to digest

A

Cellulose

34
Q

What complex carbohydrate do we store in our bodies

A

Glycogen

35
Q

Reasons we need food
(5)

A

-movement and development - energy
- growth and repair - from raw elements
- Protect the body from illness

36
Q

The seven dietary components

A

Carbohydrate
Fats
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water

37
Q

What is a balanced diet

A

Eating all the food groups in the correct proportions

38
Q

What simple sugars are in carbohydrates
(SGL)

A

Sucrose
Glucose
Lactose

39
Q

What complex carbohydrates are in carbohydrates
(Cell G Start)

A

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch

40
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Energy

41
Q

Elements of carbohydrates
(3)

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

42
Q

Two starchy carbohydrate examples

A

Pasta
Rice

43
Q

Two sugary carbohydrates examples

A

Cakes jam

44
Q

Function of protein

A

Growth and repair

45
Q

Elements of protein (4)
(No One Can Hide)

A

Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

46
Q

Three examples of food high in protein

A

Meat
Eggs
Cheese

47
Q

Function of fat

A

Energy source

48
Q

Three examples of foods high in fat
(fat gives you BBL)

A

Butter
Bacon
Lard

49
Q

Elements of fat
(3)

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

50
Q

How to test for starch, sugar and protein
(Food test)
(5 steps)

A
  1. Cut up food and place in mortar
  2. Add 20cm-cubed of water
  3. Filter and collect filtrate in beaker
  4. Divide filtrate into three test tubes
  5. Test with
    Iodine - starch
    Benedict’s - sugar
    Biuret - protein
51
Q

How does age effect the amount of energy required for a human

A

Babies/young children need little energy as they are small
However energy requirement may drop slightly due to lifestyle/job etc

52
Q

How does gender affect energy requirements

A

Males need more than females because they are physically bigger and carry more muscle

53
Q

How does activity level affect energy requirements

A

Level of activity in adults everyday life determines how much energy they require
E.g. manual worker needs more than office worker

54
Q

How does pregnancy affect a woman’s energy levels

A

Pregnant women need more than normal bc she need to provide energy for her growing baby

55
Q

How does obesity affect someone’s energy level

A

Fatty foods contain lots of energy
It’s easy to consume more energy than is required for them to

56
Q

Energy in food calculation

A

÷ 100 X amount

57
Q

What are the steps for the burning food practical (short 3)

A

Burn food
Hold under boiling tube
Measure temperature rise

58
Q

What is the calculation to work out the energy released in the burning food practical
(mass of water X…)

A

Energy released = mass of water X rise in temp X 4.2

59
Q

Why are the calculated values likely to be an understatement (3 reasons)

A

Food may not be fully burned
Some of energy is converted into light
Some energy is used to heat air around the tube

60
Q

Three variables that need to be kept the same for the burning food experiment to be fair

A

Same amount of water
Same distance
Same mass

61
Q

Why do we need to repeat the burning food experiment
(reliable)

A

Average can be calculated
Gives more reliable results
Allows anomalies to be identified

62
Q

Definition of digestion

A

Large insoluble food molecules are broken down to be absorbed into blood

63
Q

Why do we need digestion

A

So molecules can be absorbed into blood

64
Q

where is the nerve cell found

A

all over the body

65
Q

why are stains used when preparing a slide

A

help us see the structures clearly

66
Q

how do you prepare an onion cell slide
(4)

A

1) take a THIN spice of onion tissue
2) place it on a MICROSCOPE slide
3) add IODINE
4) place COVERSLIP on top

67
Q

what should you use to gently lower the coverslip onto the slide and why

A

a mounted needle to slowly prevent air bubbles

68
Q

sometimes we see black rings in slide preparation, what are these most likely

A

air bubbles

69
Q

why does an onion tissue need to be thin when looking at under a microscope

A

to allow light to pass through easily so we can see the structures

70
Q

what part holds the slide?

A

the stage and clips

71
Q

when focusing on a slide what magnifying power should you start on
(low, medium or high power)

A

low

72
Q

what is 1000 um in mm

A

1000 um = 1 mm

73
Q

what is the triangle we use to work out the actual side of a cell

A

I
A X M

74
Q

what is the order that the following things go in

Organ, Tissue, Organism, Cell, Organ System

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

75
Q

what is the growth pattern of an animal/human
(evenly)

A

Animals grow fairly evenly all over their body e.g. a baby is broadly similar to an adult

76
Q

what is the growth pattern of a plant
(alex’s old tiktoks username)
plants grow in …
branches

A

Plants grow in apices

e.g. shoot and root tips.

At apices growth and division take place

giving the branching pattern we see in plants

77
Q

what are stem cells
(differentiate)

A

simple, undifferentiated cells

that have the ability to divide and differentiate into specialised cell types

in the body

78
Q

what can embryonic stem cells do?
(differentiate)

A

embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell

79
Q

what are the ethical issues that come with using stem cells

A

some people feel that it is the equivalent to murder

and the human rights of the embryo are not considered

when it comes to designer babies

80
Q

what does cell sap do

A

Supports the plant

81
Q

definition of an enzyme

A

Protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions to help break the bonds

Biology 🧬 (3 decks)

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