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Modern Britain > Wilson-Blair - The Troubles > Flashcards

Wilson-Blair - The Troubles Flashcards

1
Q

When was NI created?

A

1922, following the Irish War of Independence 1919-1921.

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2
Q

Which country was dominated by what religion?

A

Ireland was largely Catholic and NI was largely Protestant.

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3
Q

What was Stormont, and what was its main shortcoming?

A

The Parliament system in NI - both it and the socio-economic situation were Protestant-dominated. By the 1960s, there were reports of Catholics discriminated against in elections, employment and housing.

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4
Q

What was the accusation levelled against the RUC?

A

Disparity in treatment between Protestants and Catholics - Catholics would become victims of police brutality.

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5
Q

What was the effect of the 1964 NI Civil Rights march?

A

Increased tensions that the IRA would start a campaign again.

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6
Q

What did loyalists do in response to the IRA threat in the early 1960s?

A

Set up anti-IRA paramilitary organisations.

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7
Q

What happened at the Civil Rights marches in 1968?

A

They were protesting Catholic discrimination and were attacked by loyalists - the RUC failed to protect them.

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8
Q

What happened at the 1969 Loyalist march in Derry?

A

They were in Bogside - a Catholic area and were attacked by nationalists. The RUC was held off by 2 days of rioting and there were videos spread globally of RUC officers beating Catholics.

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9
Q

What was Stormont’s reaction to the 1969 march?

A

They offered the Catholics concessions in housing and electoral borders - this sparked loyalist riots in response.

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10
Q

What was Wilson’s action in 1969?

A

He sent a peacekeeping force in Aug 1969.

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11
Q

When Heath took power, what state was Belfast in?

A

Close to a complete breakdown.

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12
Q

Who did Heath back in NI?

A

Brian Faulkner and his UUP - his policies of internment and curfews served to alienate nationalists and it was revealed that 95% of the interned were Catholics.

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13
Q

What happened on 30 Jan 1972?

A

Bloody Sunday
NI Civil Rights Association organised anti-internment march
Live ammunition fired by British soldiers.
26 shot and 13 killed as a result.

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14
Q

Who is Marty McGuinness?

A

Ex-Provisional IRA. Became a Sinn Fein MP in 1997 and the Sinn Fein chief negotiator in the Good Friday Agreement.
From 2007 he was the Deputy First Minister.

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15
Q

What was the reaction to Bloody Sunday?

A

British embassy burned down
IRA support grew
Heath suspended Stormont and instated Direct Rule - Willie Whitelaw as HoS.

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16
Q

What are the statistics for 1972 IRA?

A

1380 explosions and 10,628 shooting incidents.

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17
Q

What was the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement?

A

power-sharing government, NI executive assembly, Republic of Ireland had some influence in Northern Ireland and vice versa.

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18
Q

What was the general response to Sunningdale?

A

It was a sell-out, and socio-economic issues in Britain made them seem weak.

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19
Q

How many counties in NI opposed Sunningdale?

A

11/12 - Cons couldn’t rely on the UUP anymore and lost their majority - causing the Gen Elec.

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20
Q

Who was Ian Paisley?

A

Led loyalists in 1960s - DUP
Protestant - famously called the Pope the Antichrist
MP from 1970-2010.
Opposed Sunningdale and power-sharing.

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21
Q

Who was John Hume?

A

co-founded the SDLP
Worked with Sinn Fein for IRA ceasefire.
Brought Sinn Fein and Br together for Good Friday talks
Won Nobel Peace Prize for that.

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22
Q

What was the state of NI that Wilson inherited in 1974?

A

All parties opposed Sunningdale.

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23
Q

What were the economically crippling strikes in Ireland at the time?

A

Ulster Workers Council called a strike - intending to bring down the Executive. Strike May 1974 - limited power in Britain and led them to declare a State of Emergency. Faulkner resigned and Wilson imposed direct rule again

24
Q

What did Wilson announce in 1974?

A

The Northern Irish Constitution Convention - an elected body of officials

25
Q

What happened in the 1975 General Election?

A

The unionists had a majority, but it was clear that both sides opposed power sharing. Since an agreement was obviously impossible the Convention was dissolved in 1976.

26
Q

What happened legally in 1976?

A

Terrorist prisoners lost their Special Category Status and were normal British prisoners.

27
Q

What was the response to the loss of the Special Category Status?

A

Blanket protest in response to wearing uniforms - would be naked or just a blanket.

28
Q

What was the 1978 Dirty Protest?

A

Republicans alleged abuse and smeared own excrement on walls.
By 1979 there were over 250 prisoners participating.

29
Q

What was Thatcher’s stance on the Troubles?

A

Strongly unionist - ‘We don’t negotiate with terrorists’.

30
Q

What was the crisis Thatcher faced in 1980?

A

Hunger Strikes - Bobby Sands the leader was nominated for an MP seat in a by-election in 1980 and won, then died weeks later. 9 others died before the hunger strike was called off.

31
Q

What did Thatcher claim about the Hunger Strikes?

A

That they were a defeat for the IRA as the Special Category Status was not granted.

32
Q

What was the impact of the Hunger Strikes?

A

Thatcher became a hate figure for NI and both sides hardened their stance.

33
Q

When Gerry Adams was appointed Sinn Fein leader in 1983, what was his change in approach?

A

‘ballot box and gun’ - the two-track approach to winning the war.

34
Q

What happened in October 1984?

A

Brighton Bomb - missed Thatcher but left 5 dead.

35
Q

What was the Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985?

A

Ensured permanent cooperation between Br and Ireland.
Aimed to strengthen security and moderate nationalists
It gave the Irish government an advisory role in NI.

36
Q

What was the reaction to the Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985?

A

Republicans opposed - 200,000 protested and a new paramilitary organisation the Ulster Resistance was set up in response to Thatcher.

37
Q

What was Major’s first act concerning NI?

A

To ban any pro-IRA or IRA-adjacent organisation or person from broadcasting in Br.

38
Q

How did the IRA get past Major’s anti-IRA broadcasting law?

A

They paid influential actors or news journalists to read out their reports.

39
Q

What prompted accusations of a potential British ‘shoot-to-kill’ policy?

A

3 IRA members were killed by a SWAT team.

40
Q

Who were the Birmingham Six?

A

Jailed for life in response to 2 pub bombings in 1975 - 21 dead.
There was no evidence these 6 committed it.

41
Q

Who were the Guildford Four?

A

Jailed for life in response to 2 pub bombings in 1975 - 5 dead.
There was no evidence these 4 committed it.

42
Q

What was the message that Major received from Sinn Fein in 1993?

A

That they were open to discussing a peace treaty.

43
Q

What were unionists and republicans fearful of in the 1993 meeting?

A

Unionists feared being sold-out, republicans had deep-rooted hostility towards the British.

44
Q

What was the role of Clinton in the 1993 Downing Street Declaration?

A

He encouraged Sinn Fein away from armed combat during the talks.

45
Q

What was the impact of the 1993 Downing Street Declaration?

A

1994 IRA ceasefire
Loyalist paramilitary ceasefire.
There was war-weariness on both sides.

46
Q

What was the issue with reaching a decisive final agreement?

A

Unionists didn’t believe the IRA peace commitment, and the IRA resorted to violence again in 1996 by damaging Canary Wharf and Manchester with explosives.

47
Q

What was Clinton’s influence in the Good Friday Agreement?

A

Clinton appointed the US Senator George Mitchell, his NI convey, to be the chairman of the talks. He was trusted by both sides.

48
Q

What was the role of Mo Mowlam in the Good Friday Agreement?

A

He helped to sedate the paramilitaries and IRA by visiting them regularly in Belfast’s Maze prison. He was the Labour Secretary of State.

49
Q

What was the drama on 9 April 1998 that almost stopped the agreement?

A

A UUP negotiator walked out over slow progress on IRA arms decommissioning.

50
Q

What happened on 10 April 1998?

A

Mitchell announced the Good Friday Agreement to be put to referendum.

51
Q

What were the conditions of the Good Friday Agreement?

A

Both UK and Irish Republic give up their claim on NI.
Devoted Assembly and power-sharing Executive set up.
Decommissioning of arms
Independent commission for policy reform.
Early release of paramilitary prisoners.

52
Q

What were the Good Friday referendum results?

A

71% of NI voted yes, and 94% of Republic of Ireland voted yes.

53
Q

What was the Omagh Bombing in late 1998?

A

Killed 30 - shows the paramilitary opposition to the GFA.

54
Q

Which issues did Blair help resolve over the rest of his 10 years in office?

A

Whether or not paramilitaries actually decommissioned.
Early release of convicted terrorists.
Rights of Protestant Orange Marches.

55
Q

What was the St Andrews Agreement?

A

Following devolved institutes suspension in 2002, the 2006 St Andrews Agreement served to reiterate key elements.

56
Q

Was this Blair’s key achievement?

A

Yes - not perfect but it was his greatest victory.

Modern Britain (24 decks)

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