60s - Social Changes Flashcards
In the 1960s, how can we see the expansion of mass media?
TVs found everywhere - 17.7M TV licences in 1970.
What percent of households had a TV in them by 1971?
91%
When did BBC2 launch, and how did this affect BBC1?
BBC2 became the first channel to broadcast regular colour programmes, and it allowed for BBC1 to become more populist.
How did radios survive during this period?
In cars, and long-life batteries, earphones and personal radios meant that teens could listen to whatever they wanted to.
When did BBC pop music station Radio One start?
1963
What was the story of the Sun Newspaper in this period?
Started in 1964 - reimaged by Rupert Murdoch in 1969 to cater to a liberal, permissive audience.
By 1969, what caused the increase in leisure time?
Less people worked Saturdays due to the beginning of the shift away from primary industry.
What % of leisure time did TV account for?
23%
What % of journeys were accounted for by car use?
77%
As shopping grew as a leisure activity, what grew alongside it?
Mass production of goods.
What was the impact of Britannia Airways being founded in 1964
They flew to Spain, Gran Canaria and North Africa - allowed for holidays abroad. This was stilll very middle class - very expensive. Restaurants and wine bars opened up after this to cater for European tastes.
When did Yuri Gagarin go into space?
1961
When was the Moon Landing?
1969
What did the Anglo-French partnership develop in 1969?
Concorde
What was the effect of the Post Office Tower opening in 1965?
It functioned as a telecommunications broadcast and enabled increased access to radio frequencies.
What was Lord Chamberlain’s Office?
The office that could demand plays to be changed or removed - all plays had to be licensed by the LCO in order to be performed.
How did the LCO clash with playwrights?
Playwrights began tackling social issues - such as Bond’s Play Early Morning.
What was the impact of Bond’s play Early Morning?
In 1968 George Strauss, a Cons backbencher, introduced a bill to abolish theatrical censorship. This came into effect the same year.
How did the cast of the play ‘Hair’ celebrate the abolition of theatre censorship?
13 members appeared naked on stage for a full 30 seconds.
By 1970, which two previously looked-down upon aspects had become both explicit and acceptable?
Sex and violence.
What was the impact of TV?
Helped develop liberal attitudes and tackled issues of sex, politics and religion.
What was the Feminine Mystique?
A book written that posited that women were unfulfilled with their restricted lives.
What % of university students did women account for in 1970?
28%
What did the NHS Family Planning Act 1967 allow for?
Contraceptive pills to be widely and freely available.
What did the percent of illegitimate births rise to as a result of the increase in sexuality in the 60s?
Increase to 8.2% from 6.1%
At the National Women’s Liberation Conference in 1970, what were their 4 demands?
Equal pay
Free contraception or abortion upon request
Equal educational and job opportunities
Free 24-hr childcare
What was the 1971 Matrimonial Property Act?
The work of the wife, either in employment or in the home, will be taken into account in divorce settlements.
What is the 1970 Equal Pay Act?
Equal Pay for Equal Work
When did the feminist movement really gain traction?
In the early 1970s - the 1960s were a period of evolution not revolution.
What is the permissive society?
A time of general sexual liberation, with changes in the public and private morals and a new openness
What did critics of the permissive society argue?
It was a decline in conventional moral standards, encouraged by the contraceptive pill.
What did the Catholic Church think about the permissive society?
They were hostile to the pill, arguing it was contrary to God’s law and therefore sinful.
How was sexual openness spreading?
Through ‘teen’ magazines and the rise in sexually themed books.
How much more prevalent did cocaine and heroine addiction become?
10x, and marijuana was used openly.
What did the hippy lifestyle glorify?
Drug use - even the Beatles used LSD.
What was the Dangerous Drugs Act 1969?
It made it illegal to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine. Callaghan wanted to ‘call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness’.
What was the maximum sentence for carrying drugs increased to in 1970?
14 years.
What did reporter Michael Schofield find in 1965?
Most young people were either virgins upon marriage or married their first and only sexual partner.
What did parents and children often clash over?
Fashion, music taste and moral standards.
In actuality, how often were drugs used by the youth?
They still used alcohol, tobacco and caffeine more than other recreational drugs.
What did London become in the 1960s?
The fashion capital - women wore trousers and men wore velvet and bright colours.
What was the impact of 1964s Top of the Pop radio station?
It helped to spread youth music and the latest trends.
What allowed for more accessible music?
Cheap records and record players being mass-produced.
Which 2 youth subcultures that emerged were most popular?
Skinheads and hippies.
What did youth culture and political activism merge in opposition to?
The Vietnam War
Which two universities taught a Vietnam War course in 1965?
Oxford and LSE.
What happened on 28 March 1965?
A violent protest to the Vietnam War known as the Battle of Grosvenor Square - over 200 arrested.
How many people attended the final Vietnam War protest in October 1968?
30,000, but it was a peaceful protest.
At the University of Sussex, what happened to the US embassy speaker whilst speaking about the Vietnam War?
He was covered in red paint in an act of protest.
What happened to Foreign Secretary’s Denis Healey’s car in protest to the Vietnam War?
Cambridge students tipped it over in the street.
What did a survey in North London show about race relations?
1 in 5 objected to working with immigrants, 1/2 refused to live next to an immigrant, and 9/10 disapproved of mixed-race marriages.
When was the Race Relations Act and what did it involve?
1965 - No discrimination on the basis of race in the areas of employment.
What was the Race Relations Board?
Created by the Race Relations Act - meant to handle race complaints. They handled 982, and had 734 dismissed due to a lack of evidence.
What was the 1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act?
It banned the immigration of people, unless they had a guaranteed job and a grandparent born in this country.
What prompted the 1968 Rivers of Blood Speech?
Furore over Kenyan Asians moving into London, Leicester and other Southern cities.
What was the impact of Powell’s speech?
He was condemned by Liberals and Heath sacked him and never spoke to him again.
75% of the UK supported his speech however, and it made the Cons seem more electable.
What did the 1968 Race Relations Act do?
Banned racism in all areas - particularly in housing.
What was the loophole to the 1968 Race Relations Act?
Black people could be refused housing in the interest of keeping the ‘racial balance’.
What were the positive of immigration in the 1960s?
Notting Hill Carnival 1964
Asian shops and takeaways opened
Music
Youth culture fed off of it
Hippies wore Asian and African fashion
Beatles preached ‘yoga, love and peace’.
