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First World War > Williamson > Flashcards

Williamson Flashcards

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1
Q

In the 1914 Crisis, which Serbian leaders were the major actors?

A

Prime Minister Nikola Pasic and Chief of Serbia Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic

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2
Q

What was Dragutin Dimitrijevic’s nickname?

A

Apis

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3
Q

In the 1914 Crisis, who were the major actors for Austria-Hungary?

A

Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold and Chief of General Staff Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf

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4
Q

In the 1914 Crisis, who were the major actors for Germany?

A

Chancellor Theobold von Bethmann Hollweg and Chief of the Prussian General Staff General Helmuth von Moltke

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5
Q

In the 1914 Crisis, who were the major actors for Russia?

A

Foreign Minister Serge Sazonov and War Minister General V.A. Sukhomlinov

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6
Q

Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

A

the heir to the Habsburg monarchy

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7
Q

Who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and when and how did that happen?

A

Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, by firing two shots into the open touring car that carried the Archduke and his wife.

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8
Q

What nations were members of the Triple Alliance?

A

Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy

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9
Q

Who were the members of the Triple Entente?

A

Russia, Great Britain, and France

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10
Q

When did Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia?

A

1908

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11
Q

What were the Balkan Wars?

A

Two conflicts in 1912 and 1913; in the first, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro fought the Ottoman empire; in the second, Serbia, Romania, Greece and Montinego fought Bulgaria to adjust the outcome of the First conflict. The 1912 wars were fought to end Ottoman rule of people from Balkan countries, adjust territories, and to create alliances.

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12
Q

What was the Balkan League and which nations were its members?

A

The Balkan League was a quadruple alliance formed by the Eastern Orthodox kingdoms of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro; it was formed to oppose the Ottoman Empire

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13
Q

How did Serbia benefit from the Balkan Wars?

A

It nearly doubled its land and population, which increased its military confidence.

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14
Q

Who was the monarch of Austria-Hungary in 1914?

A

Emperor Franz Joseph

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15
Q

What does “Apis” mean and why was it Dragutin Dmitrejevic’s nickname?

A

Apis means “bull” and it fit Dmitrejevic’ becasue of his sturdy appearance

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16
Q

What was the Conspirator’s Oath?

A

An oath written by Dmitrejevic in 1902 for the conspirators in the plot to murder King Alexander of Serbia and his lover, Draga Maslin. They carried out the plot in 1903.

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17
Q

What is Dragutin Dmitrejevic’ known for?

A

He organized the 1914 plot to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand by using the Black Hand to provide Gavrilo Princip and his conspirators with passage, weapons, and funding.

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18
Q

What was the Black Hand?

A

A covert organization within the Serbian military organization aimed at Serbian nationalism.

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19
Q

What was the Oath of the Black Hand? When was it written?

A

An oath in which members of the Black Hand pledged to use any means to advance Serbia dominance in the Balkans; it was written in 1911.

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20
Q

Who was Prime Minister Nikola Pasic?

A

The 69 year old Prime Minister of Serbia in 1914; he aimed to transform Serbia into a democratic, constitutional system

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21
Q

Did Pasic know about the plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

A

Yes; he also attempted to warn Vienna of the plot, but his warning was so vague that Vienna did not follow up

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22
Q

What issues did Pasic face after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?

A
  1. how to soften Austria-Hungary’s anger over conceal Apis’ involvement in the plot;
  2. how to conceal his knowledge of Apis’ involvement in the plot;
  3. how to secure foreign assistance, if needed;
  4. how to defend Serbian sovereignty and prevent Apis and others from retaliating against the civilian government
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23
Q

Did the Serbian press express regret about the Archduke’s assassination?

A

No

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24
Q

What did Pasic do in response to the crisis?

A

He sent dispatches to Serbian missions that made him appear flexible, conceded nothing, and hoped that the Great powers might defer the crisis.

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25
Q

Did Austria Hungary know about the Black Hand?

A

Austria-Hungary had significant background intelligence about a serious power struggle in Serbia, but its ultimatum mentioned Naroda Odbrana, and not the Black Hand; it also mentioned specific individuals, but not Apis.

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26
Q

To what nation did Serbia go for support in the event of a military conflict with Austria-Hungary?

A

Russia

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27
Q

How did Austria-Hungary respond to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

A

On July 23, 1914, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a diplomatic note requiring it to express contrition for its failures to be neighborly and to agree to ten demands aimed at justice for Franz Ferdinand, ending Serbian hostilities to Austria-Hungary, and giving Austria-Hungary the right to participate in Serbia’s compliance with those demands.

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28
Q

Did Serbia comply with Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum?

A

No; On July 25, 1914 Serbia agreed to some, but not all of Austria-Hungary’s demands; it did not agree to the demands that violated Serbia’s sovereignty

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29
Q

How did Austria-Hungary respond to Serbia’s refusal of the ultimatum?

A

Its Foreign Minister immediately left Belgrade, it mobilized for war on June 25, 1914, and declared war on July 25, 1914, and declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 - one month after the assassination of the Archduke.

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30
Q

Who was on a yacht while Austria-Hungary planned its attack on Serbia?

A

Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany was on the royal yacht and unable to be reached during the three days preceding Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia

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31
Q

Who was Leopold Berchtold?

A

The Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary in 1914

32
Q

Who was Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf?

A

The Chief of the General Staff of Austria-Hungary in 1914

33
Q

How was the Austro-Hungarian empire structured in 1914?

A

It consisted of two virtually independent governments with a common monarch, a common foreign policy, and a common military structure.

34
Q

How were decisions about going to war handled by the Austo-Hungarian Empire?

A

Each of Vienna and Budapest had a veto over war/peace

35
Q

What demands repeatedly threatened to tear the Austro-Hungarian empire apart?

A

The demands of eleven disparate nationalities in territories that populated the third largest empire in Europe; those nationalities included Magyars (native Hungarians), Romanians, Croats and other South Slavs in Hungary and German Austrians in Austria.

36
Q

What cultural, religious and ethnic groups lived in Bosnia when it was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?

A

Roman Catholic Croats, Muslims, and Orthodox Serbs, among others.

37
Q

What nations other than Serbia also presented issues for Austria-Hungary in 1914?

A

Romania, Serbia, Russia, and Italy

38
Q

What was Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf an advocate of?

A

He was an advocate of war in 1914

39
Q

Who wrote love letter during the crisis of 1914?

A

Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, Chief of the General Staff of Austria Hungary wrote love letters to Gina von Reininghaus

40
Q

Who was Gina von Reininghaus?

A

A 28 year old married woman and the mother of six children.

41
Q

Did Franz Conrad even marry?

A

Yes, he married twice. His first wife died. in 1905. He married Gina von Reininghaus in 1915 after she secured a divorce.

42
Q

How did Europe react to Austria-Hungary’s decision to annex Bosnia in 1908?

A

It provoked an international crisis in 1908-09; Britain and France made it clear that that neither would fight to undo Austria’s actions, even though it meant humiliation for Russia, and its client, Serbia.

43
Q

What did Conrad Von Hotzendorf want to do after Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia?

A

Even though Russia was Conrad’s preferred target, Conrad Von Hotzendorf wanted to attack Serbia while Russia, which was still recovering from its defeat by Japan in 1905 could not help, but his advocacy failed.

44
Q

What was Leopold Berchtold’s background?

A

Berchtold was an aristocrat with enormous land holdings in Austria and Hungary; those were increased through his marriage.

45
Q

What roles did Leopold Berchtold hold prior to becoming Habsburg’s foreign minister and de facto chancellor of the empire?

A

Prior to becoming foreign minister, Berchtold entered the Habsburg bureaucracy in the late 1880s, transferred to the foreign service in 1893 and served in London and other locations; in 1905, he became the A-H ambassador to Russia, arguably A-H’s the second most important diplomatic post; he stayed in St. Petersburg until 191, when he returned to his estates; Emperor Franz Joseph summoned him in 1912 to become Austria-Hungary’s foreign minister.

46
Q

What was one of the first things Berchtold did as Foreign Affairs Minister?

A

He negotiated an increase in the size of the Hapsburg standing army prior to the start of the First Balkan War.

47
Q

What did Berchtold do in 1912 to prevent Serbian access to the sea?

A

He created an independent Albanian state.

48
Q

Who led the Balkan League?

A

Serbia

49
Q

What nation sponsored the Balkan League?

A

Russia

50
Q

What happened to Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf during the Balkan Wars?

A

He was recalled as Chief of the General Staff in December 1912, in response to an increase in Austro-Russian tension caused by the tens of thousands of Russian troops on duty along the Hapsburg frontier, which forced Vienna to make countermobilization moves.

51
Q

What did Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand hope to gain in recalling Conrad?

A

They aimed to put a more experienced general in place in case a war broke out and to shift the focus to a diplomatic solution to issues, rather than military confrontation.

52
Q

How did the First Balkan War end?

A

With an ultimatum that Montenegro responded to by retreating

53
Q

Did Austria-Hungary join the Second Balkan War?

A

No.

54
Q

Why did Franz Ferdinand and Conrad von Hotzendorf nearly part company?

A

They nearly parted company over a spy scandal involving Colonel Alfred Redl, the former head of Austrian counterintelligence; Redl had been betraying plans to St. Petersburg since at least 1906. In 1911, the Russians discovered Redl’s homosexual behavior, and blackmailed him. When Conrad discovered Redl’s betrayal, he allowed (or persuaded ) Redl to commit suicide, which offended the Catholic Franz Ferdinand.

55
Q

How did the Conrad’s handling of Redl affect Austria-Hungary’s response to the Second Balkan War?

A

Franz Ferdinand ignored Conrad’s calls for involvement by Austria-Hungary.

56
Q

What five developments of the Balkan Wars negatively impacted Austria-Hungary?

A

(1) Serbia doubled in size and population; (2) Montenegro and Serbia talked about a possible union that would give Belgrade access to the sea;
(3) Vienna’s frictions with its Italian ally had increased as each ally clamored for position in Albania;
(4) Romania, a secret partner with the Triple Alliance since 1883, seemed to be drifting toward the Triple Entente; and
(5) Germany repeatedly demanded that Vienna and Belgrade reach an entente.

57
Q

What betrayed a sense of desperation in Vienna by June, 1914?

A

Berchtold prepared a major policy memorandum in June 1914 which had an urgency of tone, but that did not recommend military action; it was motivated by his belief that Vienna should try to recapture the Balkan initiative and isolate Serbia.

58
Q

Who was at the center of Apis’ intelligence network?

A

Rade Malbabic, an idealistic and zealous Serbian agent who established procedures to move students and agents in and out of Bosnia while he visited Hapsburg military installations; he used members of both the Black Hand and the Narodina Odbrana for these activities

59
Q

Who did Berchtold and his wife visit on June 14, 1914, two weeks before the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?

A

Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie at the archduke’s Bohemian estate at Konopischt.

60
Q

When Conrad went to talk to Franz Joseph on July 5, 1914, what did Franz Joseph ask him?

A

Do we want a war, especially if it is against Russia? and Do we have our flank covered by Germany?

61
Q

How many war plans did Conrad develop?

A

Three Plans:
Plan 1 - attack A-H’s ally, Italy;
Plan B (Balkan) - 8 divisions defend against Serbia
Plan R - was a two-pronged offensive operation against Russia

62
Q

If Franz Ferdinand had lived, would Conrad have retained his post?

A

Probably not, because Franz Ferdinad did not approve of how Conrad handled Redl

63
Q

Who wrote the Conspirator’s Oath?

A

Apis

64
Q

Did Apis write the Oath of the Black Hand?

A

Apis is not credited with the Oath of the Black Hand

65
Q

By July 6, 1914, Conrad realized that he could not launch an immediate attack on Serbia. Why couldn’t he do that?

A

Two reasons:
Large numbers of Hapsburg troops were on harvest leave; bringing them back early would:
1.disrupt the harvest
2.alert Europe to A-H’s intentions

66
Q

Did Kaiser Wilhelm II agree to Hapsburg action against Serbia?

A

Yes, he agreed on July 5, 1914

67
Q

What was Kaiser Wilhelm II’s only reservation involved in A-H’s decision to attack Serbia?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm’s reservation was the need to consult with German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg; that step was taken on July 6, 1914.

He recognized the risk of Russia’s involvement, but was willing to take that risk.

68
Q

Who chaired the Common Ministerial Council of July 7, 1914?

A

Leopold Berchtold chaired the lengthy sessions, which were attended by all the senior officials of A-H, except Franz Joseph

69
Q

Did the Common Ministerial Counsel of July 7, 1914 recognize that an armed Serbian conflict could mean war with Russia?

A

Yes, and that is recorded in the minutes of the Council’s meeting; they believed that a Serbian conflict would serve as a show of strength against the Balkan States and Russia, and would stop the progress of any alliance between Russia and the Balkan States

70
Q

What did the Council hope to achieve with the ultimatum?

A

If Serbia accepted the ultimatum, A-H would achieve a diplomatic success, and its prestige would rise in the Balkans; if the demands were not met, A-H would take military action

71
Q

What happened at the Common Ministerial Counsel of July 7, 1914 meeting?

A

The Council decided to formulate unconditional demands against Serbia and give an ultimatum if Serbia did not fulfill them

72
Q

What did Berchtold emphasize in advocating for the Ultimatum?

A

That A-H must only reduce Serbia, but not annihilate her, to avoid a “life and Death” struggle with Russia

73
Q

Who believed a diplomatic success would have no value?

A

War Minister Krobatin, who believed that it would be more favorable to have a war sooner rather than later

74
Q

What did the Council conclude?

A

The Council concluded that the ultimatum delivered to Serbia had to make the most far-reaching demands of Serbia to assure a rejection and open the way to a military attack

75
Q

Who was the one minister at the Council meeting that expressed reservations about taking military action against Serbia?

A

Minister Tisza of Hungary

76
Q

Who were the members of the Council? How may were diplomatic leaders? How many were Military Leaders? How many represented the Hapsburgs? How many represented Hungary?

A

There were 8 members:Three were diplomatic; five were military leaders; 7 represented the Hapsburg Empire; 1 represented Hungary, which had veto power

Austrian Premier Count Sturgh, Hungarian Premier Count Tisza, Common Finance Minister Bilinski, Common Minister of War Krobatin, Chief of the General Staff Conrad, the Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Rear-Admiral von Kailer, and Count Berchtold (chair)

77
Q

What is the main theme of Williamson and Van Wyk’s July 1914 book?

A

The main theme is that it the leaders of European nations, and their individual decisions, significantly contributed to WWI; this differs from other scholarship which idenifies systemic causes, such as the alliance system, nationalism and militarism, military conflicts, and imperialism.

First World War (24 decks)

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