Williams: Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards
GLUT receptor that responds to insulin
GLUT-4
GLUT receptor that does NOT respond to insulin
GLUT-2
irreversible enzymes of glycolysis
hexose kinase
PFK1
pyruvate kinase
irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate decarboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
glucose-6-phosphatase
enzyme unique to glycolysis
PFK1
minimum level of energy we need to just stay alive
resting metabolic rate
making glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
gluconeogenesis
breaking down glucose to form ATP and pyruvic acid
glycolysis
makes glycogen
(glucose added in chains to form glycogen)
Glycogenesis
break down glycogen into glucose
happens in liver and muscle
glycogenolysis
amylase is specific for what carb linkages
alpha 1,4
what 3 things are you breaking down in the fed state for energy
proteins to AA’s
carbohydrates to glucose
fat (TG) to FA’s and glycerol
what is the goal for post-absorptive state (after a meal)
get glucose into cells
on lumen side of intestine and brings in glucose + Na+
SGLT-1
on basolateral membrane of liver and not responsive to insulin
GLUT-2
on muscle, adipose tissue, and heart and responsive to insulin
GLUT-4
this GLUT receptor is specific to the brain
GLUT-3
GLUT receptor for brain and RBC’s
GLUT-1
dependent on glycolysis only for energy; enzyme deficiency leads to hemolysis
RBCs
at the end of what process are 36 ATPs produced
cellular respiration (aerobic)
increase in glucose level, increase insulin and tries to get glucose out of bloodstream but can’t keep up longterm
overfed state (beginning of insulin resistance)
when liver has refilled glycogen stores and blood glucose is still high (eating before glucose levels drop), what does the liver do
starts to make FA’s from excess glucose
what does glucose turn into when the liver starts to make FA’s from glucose
TGs (fat)
at around 7 weeks of starvation, what source of energy is basically gone and what prevails
fat is basically gone and protein still prevails
HSL can’t breakdown TGs in adipose tissue until ______ is phosphorylated and moved off
perlipin
what process uses FA’s to make Acetyl-CoA and then a bunch of ATP
beta-oxidation
in prolonged fasting state, what are FA’s being converted into
FA’s to Acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies
3/4 of all glycogen of the body in _____
muscles
____ is the fuel for anaerobic activity for muscles
glucose
____ is the fuel for resting muscle and heart
FA’s
TG’s major source of fuel for
adipose tissue
essential for providing fuel to brain, muscle, and other organs
liver
does the liver use ketone bodies
NO, they just produce them
glucagon stimulates what reaction
gluconeogenesis
insulin inhibits what reaction
gluconeogenesis
1st priority:
provide sufficient glucose to feed the brain and other tissues
2nd priority:
preserve protein
