Sos- Liver Dysfunction Flashcards
blood in liver
hemangioma
gas in gallbladder
diaphragmatic hernia
a diaphragmatic congenital defect allowing stomach, intestines, and liver to herniate in chest
diaphragmatic hernia
jaundice (icterus)
jaundice is a yellow pigmentation of skin due to what
increased levels of bilirubin in the blood (b/c it is not being secreted into bile)
jaundice is also associated with _______
pruritis
toxic levels of bilirubin accumulate in basal ganglia and thalamus
Kernicterus (Bilirubin Encephalopathy)
bilirubin encephalopathy
infant has fever, trouble feeding, and muscle spasms
Kernicterus (Bilirubin Encephalopathy)
acetaminophen toxicity
acetaminophen toxicity
most common drug-induced liver injury in the US
acetaminophen
this drug-induced liver injury involves necrosis of zone 3 and 2
acetaminophen toxicity
acute illness that causes liver and brain damage due to viral infection
Reye’s syndrome
13 yr old recovering from the flu experiences confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness
Reye’s Syndrome
steatosis and hepatitis
Reye’s syndrome
fat stained with what
Oil red O or PAS
____ used for fever or pain has been linked to Reye’s syndrome
Aspirin
vitamins stored in the liver
A, D, E, K, B12
___ and ___ are essential for absorbing the fat-soluble vitamins
fat breakdown and bile secretion
stored in stellate cells; important for eye health, skin, intestines, lungs, and immune system
Vitamin A
primary role is Ca2+ absorption and bone health
vitamin D
primary role is as an antioxidant
vitamin E
required to make prothrombin involved in blood clotting
vitamin K
naturally found in meats and important in brain functions and RBC synthesis
vitamin B12
atleast 20 yr alcohol abuse
alcohol-related liver disease
elevated AST>ALT (2:1)
alcohol-related liver disease
stages of alcohol liver disease
steatosis
steatosis + hepatitis
fibrosis (cirrhosis)
normal liver
steatosis
steatohepatitis
fibrosis (cirrhosis)
damaged cytokeratin filaments
mallory bodies (seen in alcohol liver disease)
pt has fever, RUQ pain, and jaundice
elevated AST/ALT (AST>ALT)
direct hyperbilirubinemia
alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis
liver parenchyma replaced with scar tissue (chronic condition initiated by alcohol abuse)
alcohol-induced cirrhosis
patient has 20 yr hx of alcohol abuse and has weight loss, jaundice, edema, pale stool, confusion
alcohol-induced cirrhosis
micronodular
alcohol induced cirrhosis
cirrhosis
increase in bp in the portal-systemic collaterals
portal HTN
3 types of portal HTN
- prehepatic
- intrahepatic
- post-hepatic
esophageal varices
problem w/ esophageal varices
can rupture and bleed
ascites
ascites
caput medusae
edema secondary to obstruction of vascular flow
ascites
ascites + infection
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
primary cancer of liver will live in _____livers
cirrhotic
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
____ used for screening/diagnosis/prognosis of HCC
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
most common benign liver tumor
hemangioma
mass of abnormal blood vessels
hemangioma
liver hemangioma
young women w/ long hx of oral contraceptives; complications are hemorrhage
hepatic adenoma
hepatic adenoma
most common malignant liver cancer
metastatic neoplasm
metastatic neoplasm
metastatic neoplasm
a consequence of metabolic syndrome
metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
elevated liver enzymes ALT>AST
can lead to cirrhosis
MASLD
rare disorder deals w/ obstruction of hepatic venous outflow + presence of intrahepatic collateral vessels and hypervascular nodules (thrombotic or non-thrombotic)
Budd-Chiari syndrome
cirrhosis w/ HCC
Budd-Chiari syndrome
ages 20-50
chronic lung disease
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
lungs lack this
buildup of this in liver
alpha-1 antitrypsin
enzyme that gets trapped in liver due to reduced synthesis or protein folding (lung and liver damage)
alpha-1 antitrypsin
enzyme that damages lungs due to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
neutrophil elastase
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
globules of alpha-1 antitrypsin
over absorption of iron
white men
hereditary hemochromatosis
mutation in HFE gene
fatigue, joint and abd pain
hereditary hemochromatosis
lack of _____, so overabsorption of iron
hepcidin
serum iron bound to transferrin
serum iron
made by liver and transports iron in blood
transferrin
soluble iron storage protein found in macrophages
ferritin
percentage of binding sites on transferrin occupied by iron
% transferrin saturation
third box dx?
hemochromatosis
hereditary hemochromatosis
stain for iron
Prussian blue
arthropathy + bronzing of skin
hereditary hemochromatosis
what organ
pancreas
too much copper stored in liver, brain, and corneas
Wilson Disease
psychiatric manifestations and movement disorders and liver dx symptoms
Wilson disease
Kayser-Fleischer ring (Wilson Disease)
mutation of ____ gene important in movement of excess copper from liver to bile
ATP7B
stain for copper
Rhodanine
Wilson disease
basal ganglia damage (Wilson disease)
basal ganglia damage seen in wilson disease
Hepatolenticular degeneration
multisystem disease involving liver, pancreas, kidneys, and lungs
Cystic Fibrosis
mutation in CF gene and produces thick mucus throughout body
Cystic Fibrosis
pancreas
CF of pancreas (thick mucus seen)
liver
CF of liver (thick mucus seen)
2nd most common abd injury
involves round ligament and triangular ligament
liver trauma
Morrison’s pouch (hepatorenal)
most dependent part of abdominal cavity, in SUPINE position, for fluid collection
morrison’s pouch
b/t uterus and rectum and is the most dependent part of abdominal cavity STANDING for fluid collection
pouch of Douglas (rectouterine/rectovesicular)
perisplenic space
liver fxn declines w/ __
age
lipofuscin accumulation
aging effects on liver
inflammation replaced by portal triad fibrosis and then bridging fibrosis (due to virus)
viral hepatitis
viral hepatitis
productive cough
recurrent sinopulmonary infections
pancreatic insufficiency
Cystic Fibrosis
